论述商业银行中间业务的发展

论述商业银行中间业务的发展

1. 商业银行中间业务发展活动

1.1 商业银行的自然选择

商业银行中间业务的快速发展根本原因是外部因素的结果。首先，国家放松了控制，开放银行和国际发展的趋势，包括中间业务，包括金融创新的步伐;其次，市场竞争也促进了中介机构的发展，商业银行的一些传统业务，就要面临着同业竞争。国家资本市场的发展，大大提高直接融资比重，传统的商业银行资产，负债，业务日益呈现出“夕阳产业”的下降，因此，商业银行被迫进行新的业务创新，以创建一个新的利润来源;再次，中间业务创新是市场需求的结果，由于在利率和汇率，在这经济环境的企业频繁波动具有不确定性，中间业务的创新增加了有效的管理工具。其中，尤其是金融衍生品的数量为银行中间业务发展，风险管理，以满足客户需求的风险，商业银行以及其他多元化的金融服务;最后，银行有自己的优势，以及20世纪80年代商业银行中间业务的发展提供了可能的发展和广泛使用的实用信息技术。 1987年2月在美国西北大学举行缔结关于资产证券化和发展中间业务研讨会上，学者对商业银行的发展，在大量的商业银行中间的风险的存款机构，商业银行发展中间业务和技术、控制、利率风险、以及客户的竞争，如资本充足率等因素密切相关。

1.2中间业务发展的意义

（1）可以扩展到商业银行的中介功能，扩大业务规模。

（2）商业银行可以分散经营风险，提高银行的抗风险能力。

（3）能发挥多种经营，“捆绑式”的效果，以提高银行的竞争力。

中间业务的商业银行之间的相互作用和相互影响的其他业务，并为银行中间业务的发展，不仅带来直接的利润，但也与其他业务，第二市场的互动，增强银行的竞争力。

2. 商业银行中间业务的发展

2.1更广泛的业务范围，品种繁多

西方国家的商业银行和各种各样的产品，满足多样化需求的客户。传统的银行，信托服务、投资银行、共同基金、保险等业务范围。而西方国家他们可以从事货币市场业务，也可以从事贴现商业票据市场和资本市场业务，是商业银行新的业务创新。

2.2业务规模逐步扩大，收入水平不断提高

从1993年到1996年之间，美国的银行业务从912亿美元增长至12.188万亿美元，占银行资产从78％提高到142.9％，其中七大银行的商业贷款超过一倍多，五大银行的总资产超过2.2万亿美元，同一时期业务活动所涉及的内容中，在美国银行资产和负债资本额为7800亿美元，总资产为45亿美元。中间业务3年平均增速为54.2％，平均每年超过9％的年均总资产和21.6％的总资产增长率。

2.3中等收入结构的业务变化

西方商业银行从1980年到1990年的十年间，非利差的总收入呈快速上升趋势，在外资银行营业收入中一般占到总收入的40％-50％，在接受美国银行、花旗银行、信用调查、信用评级公司、资产评估业务、个人财务顾问业务、长期外汇买卖、外汇期货、外汇期权、及其他中介业务等占高达80％，而带来了利润存款贷款业务利润只占利润总额20％。

2.4 高科技服务手段先进

科学和技术为商业银行提供了坚实的基础，尤其是在近几年的技术支持和创新，促进了中间业务发展程度的提高，可以在任何时间，任何地点，以任何方式向客户提供个性化的服务网络。网上银行的出现，促进了中间业务的发展。

3. 商业银行中间产品分析

3.1 结算型中间产品

结算产品通常分为本票，汇票，支票三种类型。结算之间的资金结算行为时间，以客户需求为准，主要是利用银行结算系统结算。安全的把资金及时转移、结算，是结算业务的一个重要环节。在结算业务的特点，其风险可能来自三个方面：邮政及电信部门、客户的风险因素和银行的风险因素。对于银行来说，前两个外部风险，后者是银行的内部风险。

3.2 中间产品的安全类型

随着国际贸易的发展，西方商业银行的安全业务得到快速发展，包括备用信用证、担保金、履约保证金、投标保证金。中国和外国的商业银行，担保业务是利用银行提供信贷支持、客户的信贷支持，使得中间业务与商业银行进行安全操作生产。

3.3 中间产品管理

中间业务主要分为银行业务，安全业务，个人金融服务。自上个世纪，世界金融体系的产业结构、组织结构、运作模式正经历着一场深刻的变革。在传统的银行、证券、保险、信托业务等业务之间的界限变化越来越模糊。银行的保险业在这里蓬勃发展，同时寻求促进和加强商业银行和金融活动的全球化。随着世界经济的发展，个人金融业务呈现出巨大的发展空间。商业银行个人金融服务以客户为核心，在商业银行“金融服务超市”的发展过程中，国内商业银行的个人金融服务一度成为业务发展的焦点。

3.4 中间产品的咨询

中间业务咨询是指转让、出售信息和提供情报服务等中介业务。商业银行内部信息、人才、信誉等领域、客户的信息和资料的收集和介绍，以及银行和财务分析运动记录，形成一个系统的信息和方案提供给客户，以满足他们的管理或业务发展的需要。其中主要包括：信用、企业信用评级、资产评估业务和财务资料；业务及个人财务顾问业务，包括融资、国际银团贷款安排商业顾问、商业投资和融资。

3.5 网上银行的中间产品

银行信用卡是商业银行消费信贷、借记卡结算、支付现金的重要工具。信用卡发展快速，在许多国家已成为一个重要的业务及银行各种利润的主要来源。网上银行是银行为客户服务户提供新的工具，在现有的银行业务的基础上，利用互联网技术，为客户提供全面、安全、实时的金融服务。网上银行不仅是银行的创新，也是银行在另一种形式的组织结构。网络银行的出现，扩大了商业银行中间业务的新渠道。

4. 中间业务方向的新发展

4.1信贷资产证券化

信贷资产证券化是指通过资产组合，使一组流动性差的资产产生稳定和可预见的现金流收益，通过一定的信用中介，这些资产的收益权转变为流动在金融市场上，信用评级较高的债券型证券。在本质上，将资产的未来现金收益证券融资和相应的风险转移到投资者的权利，而资产所有权的转移可能不完全。

4.2基金业务

长期以来，中国的商业银行发展中间业务不是一个主要行业，并在新的利润增长点运行，也是我国管理等因素的严格分离。因此，银行业的发展已经被更多的限制，这些限制的直接后果是，造成了国内的商业银行和金融创新的薄弱。在已经开展的零售业务品种的发展中，基金作为银行吸收客户存款的手段，不以利润最大化为目标，导致业务收益的贡献率中低利润的情况。商业银行目前在中国的总收入、所有利息收入的90％以上的比例。这种收入结构，是中国的商业银行盈利的资产，在上个世纪90年代以来一直在不断下降趋势的主要原因之一。有研究表明，中国的商业银行平均资产利润率是美国的国有商业银行12.86倍。这表明，虽然项目的种类很多，但之间差异显著，现代商业银行业务大量的内容尚未进入我们的视野。

5. 总结

从外资银行拓展业务模式来看，商业银行中间业务发展主要由消费者促进这项工作，客户服务的好处是快速、安全，是一个典型的“产品营销”。至于国内银行业，产品质量和价格往往退居次要地位，“关系营销”已成为国内银行业中间业务的主要模式的探索。目前，商业银行仍然是主要的客户群，以大，中型国有企业为代表，代理是国有企业产权模糊的问题，企业管理者更注重追求个人利益，在这个时候，银行与客户之间的关系已成为一个产品成功与否的关键。 Discusses The Development Of Intermediary Business

Of Commercial Banks

1. The middle of a commercial banking business development activities

1.1 Natural choice of commercial banks

Intermediate business of commercial banks and the rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. First of all, the international community to enter the countries have relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; Second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same industry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset industry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation is the result of market demand, due to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterprises and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the risk of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that is risk management in order to satisfy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; Finally, the banks have their own advantages, as well as 20 practical information technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. February 1987 at Northwestern University in the United States held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the risk of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that is, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate risk, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related.

1.2 The significance of the development of intermediary business

(A) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale.

(B) commercial banks can spread business risks, and enhance the bank's ability to resist risks.

(C) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks.

Intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks.

2. commercial banks in the development of intermediary business

2.1 The broader business scope, a wide variety.

Western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of products to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. The scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. They can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in discounting commercial paper and capital markets business.

2.2 Gradually expand the business scale of rising income levels.

From 1993 to 1996 among the U.S. banking business grew from 912 billion U.S. dollars to 12.188 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. Living in the forefront of the U.S. banking industry, Citigroup, the Americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion U.S. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion U.S. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the average growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent average annual total assets and total capital at an average annual growth rate of 21.6 percent.

2.3 Middle-income structure of the business change.

Western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. The middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. Acceptance in the United States, Citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial advisor business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermed

iary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits.

2.4 Service means of advanced and high technology.

Improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of Internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. With the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue.

3. commercial banks Analysis of intermediate products

3.1 Clearing-type intermediate products

Clearing products are usually divided into promissory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. Settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand is to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. Settlement is therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. On the characteristics of the clearing business, its risk may come from three aspects: customer risk factors, risk factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking risk factors. For the banks, the first two banks of external risks, which is the bank's internal risk.

3.2 security type of intermediate products

With the development of international trade, the Western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, supervision, such as payment by the common varieties. Chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business is production of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations is the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the risks associated with credit support.

3.3 Intermediate goods Management

Mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, Personal Financial Services. Since the last century is the era, as the world's financial system, industry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition is undergoing a profound transformation. The changes in the traditional banking, securities, insuran

ce, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance industry to flourish here development. With the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. And personal financial services customers of commercial banks is the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one.

3.4 Advisory type of intermediate products

Intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale information and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. Commercial banks on their own information, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of information and information of these customers, as well as banks and financial analysis of campaign records to form a system of information and programs made available to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. Include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial information; business and personal financial advisor business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement.

3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate products Bank credit card is the issue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. Its fast development, many countries have become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. Internet banking is a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the existing banking business, based on the use of Internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. Internet banking is not only a banking innovation is the organizational structure of a bank at the same time, the emergence of Internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business.

4. the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business

4.1 Securitization of credit assets

Securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that this group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. In essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the risk to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely.

4.2 fund business

A long time, China commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main industry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. A direct consequence of these restrictions is that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. Have been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. Commercial banks in China's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. This revenue structure is to enable the assets of China's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. Studies have shown that commercial banks in the U.S. the average asset profit rate of China's four state-owned commercial banks average of 12.86 times. This shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in Western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of vision.