英文基本句型
一个句子可以分两个部分：①以代词、名词或者名词短语开头，来表明我们要陈述的对象，这就是句子的主语。②在主语后边紧接动词，来说明主语做什么，或者描述主语的状况。动词及其后边的成分，我们称之为谓语部分。 一个完整的句子都是由两部分组成：“陈述对象＋陈述内容”。 五种基本句型概述
⑴主＋系＋表；
⑵主＋谓＋宾；
⑶主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾；
⑷主＋谓＋宾＋宾补；
⑸主＋谓。
1、主语＋系动词＋主语补足语（或者称作表语） ：SVC
例如：
①Learning English is important.
②He looks happy.
③The music sounds nice.
④He became a teacher.
⑤ The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.
⑴系动词(Linking Verb) ：又叫连系动词，顾名思义，这种动词并没有具体的动作，而只是起连接主语和后边成分的作用。这种动词后面所接的成分是用来说明主语的特点，表明主语的性质特征。因此，我们把系动词后面的成分叫做主语补足语，因为是补充主语的。语法术语又把它称为表语——能表示主语特征的成分。 ⑵常用系动词
英文中最常见的系动词是be 动词，具体形式有：am ，is ，are 。
1）单纯表示主语的特征、状态的：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear 等。
①The iron feels hot.
②The rose doesn’t smell much.
2）表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come等。（这些系动词与形容词连用，一般是具有固定的搭配关系） ①Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short.
②The jokes fell flat.
③fall asleep ；fall due
④go hungry ；go sour ；go wrong
⑤Hope your dreams will come true.
⑥The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.
⑦I’ve got to return the book this afternoon; it falls overdue a week.
3）表示主语保持某种状态：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove 等。
①The weather continued fine for several days.
②He held silent for the whole day.
③He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy. ④You may rest assured that he will come to the party
4）＊近似于不及物动词的系动词：sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born等。（只需了解，不要求掌握！）
①Mr. Bean often acted weird in public. (Mr. Bean was weird when he acted in public.)
②All the audience sat silent. (不用silently)
③He was born poor.
④The boy blushed scarlet.
⑤I married young. (I was young when I married.)
⑥He died young. 比较：He works hard.
⑦Jane Austin died a spinster. 比较：He died a hero’s death. ⑶作表语的常用词
用作表语的词通常是名词和形容词。也可用介词短语作表语：
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
副词不能用作表语：
He looks happily. （错误）
2、主语＋谓语（＋状语）：SV ∕SVA
例如：
①Internet dating hurts .
②The fire is burning.
③These children are playing.
④Children giggle .
⑤He died .
⑥The sun rises and the sun sets . Stars glitter and stars vanish . ⑦The sun sets in the west.
⑧He works hard.
此句型特点：既然该句型中动词后面不带宾语，所以用于此句型的动词应该是不及物动词。
⑴不及物动词(Intransitive Verb)：这种动词所表示的动作没有作用对象，其本身意思完整，其后不需带宾语。在词典中表示为vi. 。
⑵这种句型动词后往往带状语
这种句型中的谓语动词后边虽然不接宾语，但通常会接副词或者介词短语，来说明动作的程度、地点或时间等等。英文中把这种修饰动作的成分称作状语。例如：
①They shouted loudly. ②He died last night.
⑶区分主系表和主谓状两种句型。注意比较：
①He shouted loudly. ②He looks happy.
3、主语＋谓语＋宾语 （+状语）：SVO ∕SVOA
例句：
①These children are playing football.
②I love English.
③I like chatting on the Internet.
④He speaks English well.
英语中绝大多数动词都适用于这一句型，而且能作宾语的成分很多。
①Beauty will buy no beef.
②I want to go home now.
③I’ve finished reading the book.
④I’ll pick you up this evening.
⑴及物动词(Transitive Verb)：这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作所作用的对象是什么，这里所作用的对象我们通常称之为宾语，即宾语是主语动作的承受对象。因此这类动词是带有宾语的。英语中绝大多数动词都是及物动词。词典中标为vt. 。
⑵很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。比较：
①These children are playing(踢) football.
②These children are playing(玩耍).
⑶在宾语后边也可接状语
这种句型的宾语后边也通常接副词或介词短语作状语。
4、主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语：SVoO
例句：
①Chatting online will bring you a lot of fun.
②He lent me ten yuan.
③I will buy you a meal.
④I gave him my book.
⑤He showed the guard his passport 双宾动词(Dative Verb) ：这种动词后面所接成分有人又有物。一般这里的“人”表示动作的接受者，称作间接宾语(Indirect Object)。“物”表示动作作用的对象，是动作的承受者，称作直接宾语(Direct Object)。
间接宾语和直接宾语合起来叫做双宾语。
能这样使用的动词可分成三类：（根据间接宾语和介词的关系来分）
1）同give 一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词to ，表示间接宾语时动作的接受者。这样的动词有：assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, post, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take, write, etc.
①He showed his passport to the guard. ②He showed the guard the passport.
2）同buy 一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词for ，这样的动词有：book(预定), buy, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order, prepare, sing, etc.
①I am going to buy a gift for her. ②I am going to buy her a gift.
3）有个别动词只用于这样的结构：“主语＋动词＋间接宾语（＋直接宾语）”，而不用介词来替换。这样的动词有：charge, cost, bet, etc.
①I’ll bet you ten dollars.
②The repairman charged me ten dollars.
此外，较特殊的动词如：ask ，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词of 。 ③Can I ask you a question?
④Can I ask a question of you?
5、主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语 ：SVOC
例句：
①We can call Internet addicts (上瘾的人) a Webaholic.
②We elected John our chairman.
③I found this answer wrong.
④You can leave the door open.
⑤A hedge(树篱) between keeps friendship green.
⑴宾补动词(Factitive Verb) ：这种动词后面接宾语，而此宾语后又接补充说明宾语的补足语(Object Complement)。例句中划线部分都是补足语，补充前面的宾语。比如：
①We elected John.
②We elected John our chairman.
宾语和宾语补足语合起来叫做复合宾语。
⑴ 接复合宾语的动词
常见的带复合宾语的动词有：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, feel, find, keep, leave, let, make, name, nominate, prove, see, suppose, vote, etc.
①They appointed John chairman.
②I believe him to be true.
③The chairman declared the meeting over.
④They elected John chairman.
⑤You can leave the door open.
⑥A hedge(树篱) betwee keeps friendship green
⑵区分双宾语和复合宾语。比较：
①I made John our chairman.
②I made John a cake.