考研英语翻译真题及译文
2011
(46) Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.
参考翻译：艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想
(47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
参考翻译：我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情
(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
参考翻译：这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感
(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation
参考翻译：环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境
(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
参考翻译：正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们对着一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威
2010
46. Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 参考翻译：科学家急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类。
47. But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
参考翻译：但是我们至少近乎承认，无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值，它们自有生存下去的权利。
48. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or
that they prey only on “worthless” species.
参考翻译：有证据表明：这些生物杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了这一证据。
49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the
non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
参考翻译：在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。
50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
参考翻译:这种保护体系往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值，但对其健康运作至关重要的物种，而最终导致它们灭绝。
2009
46. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
参考翻译：可以说，要衡量任何社会制度价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分。
47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
参考翻译：这种制度的副产品（附带产生的影响）只有逐步得到认识；而在实施这种制度的过程中，认识到这种效果具有直接作用的时间则更加缓慢。
48. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 参考翻译：虽然在与年轻人接触的时候，我们容易忽略我们的行动对他们性格的影响；但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
参考翻译：既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们不能不考虑我们是否正在形成一种力量，这种力量可以确保我们获得能力。
50. We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
参考翻译：因此，在上述（目前为止已经考虑到的）宽泛的教育过程中，可以使我们区别出一种更正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。
2008
46. but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations,
参考翻译：他相信，正是这种困难或许能够扬长避短，以使他能长时间专注的思考每一个句子；因此，使他能在推理中和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。
47. He asserts, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
参考翻译：他还断言，在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此，他曾确信自己在数学方面本来就不该获得成功。
48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
参考翻译：另一方面，批评家指责他尽管善于观察，但无法推理，对此，他并不接受且认为观点不成立。
49. He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."
参考翻译：他谦卑地补充道，或许他“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西，更能够对此加以详细地观察”。
50. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
参考翻译：达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。
2007
46．Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served as much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. 参考翻译：电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
47．In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 参考翻译：在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。
48．This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
参考翻译：这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。
49．Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.
参考翻译：不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。
50．In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”
参考翻译：在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说；“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。如果我不得不选择一个口号，那将会是“多样性中的联合”。
2006
46. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems.
参考译文：我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。
47. His function is analogous to that of a judge， who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
参考译文：
1、知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。
2、知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。
48. I have excluded him because， while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 参考译文：
1、我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务。
（改进：我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。）
2、因为虽然普通科学家的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是承担了触及这些问题事实方面的任务，所以我把他排除在外。
49. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
参考译文：
1、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
2、但是普通科学家的主要任务并非思考道德准则，虽然道德准则约束着他的行为；这正如人们不指望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
50. They may teach very well， and more than earn their salaries， but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems
which involve moral judgment.
参考译文：教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。
2005
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
参考译文：传统上，在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
参考译文：另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。
48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 参考译文：但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是在对于新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识的基础之上建立的。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
参考译文：实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
参考译文：律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是，记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
2004
41. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
参考译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。这种想法，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。
42. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
参考译文：我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。
43． The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from
the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
参考译文：这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
44． Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
参考译文：Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。
45． Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
参考译文：Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。
2003
41. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
参考译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
42. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
参考译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
43. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a
cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 参考译文：强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
44. Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
参考译文：泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
45. Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
参考译文：因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
2002
61. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
参考译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 参考译文：自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
参考译文：(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
2001
71. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
参考译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.
参考译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术
千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
参考译文：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
75. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
参考译文：家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
2000
71. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of
centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
参考译文：在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72． Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
参考译文：再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73． Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
参考译文：由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 参考译文：在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
参考译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
1999
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 参考翻译：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
参考翻译：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
参考翻译：在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
参考翻译：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
参考翻译：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
1998
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
参考翻译：更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
参考翻译：巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
参考翻译：天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the
inflationary universe theory.
参考翻译：假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
参考翻译：宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
1997
71) Actually, it isn‟t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
参考翻译：事实并非如此, 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的, 而这种共同认识并不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
参考翻译：有些哲学家论证说, 权利只存在在于社会契约中, 是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
参考翻译：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端, 它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅, 要么完全冷漠无情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
参考翻译：这类人持极端看法, 认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同, 对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind‟s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
参考翻译：这种反应并不错, 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用, 这种本能应得到鼓励, 而不应遭到嘲弄。
1996
71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
参考翻译：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants
to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
参考翻译：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future
参考翻译：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world‟s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
参考翻译：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
参考翻译：同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
1995
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 参考翻译：把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the
information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 参考翻译：这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from
experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
参考翻译：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
参考翻译：一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been
had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
参考翻译：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
1994
(71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
参考翻译：他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
(72) “In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
参考翻译：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
(73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
参考翻译：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了
(74) Galileo‟s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
参考翻译：伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。
(75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
参考翻译：政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
1993
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.
参考翻译：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
(72) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the
other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
参考翻译：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。
(73) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
参考翻译：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
(74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
参考翻译：许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
(75) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
参考翻译：在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
1992
(71) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.
参考翻译：人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。
(72) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
参考翻译：批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测风速一样。
(73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a „valid‟ or „fair‟ comparison.
参考翻译：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
(74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
参考翻译：如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前
两个因素必须是一样的。
(75) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
参考翻译：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响。
1991
(71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
参考翻译：石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. 参考翻译：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
参考翻译：食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
(74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
参考翻译：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
(75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
参考翻译：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
1990
(61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.
参考翻译：他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
(62) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that
our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.
参考翻译：在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
(63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
参考翻译：这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
(64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
参考翻译：行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
(65) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.
参考翻译：支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 参考翻译：行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
(67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.
参考翻译：在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
(68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
参考翻译：相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
1989
(61) she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour.
参考翻译：她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。
(62) A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages.
参考翻译：一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。
(63) Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic
slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century.
参考翻译：它（新技术的采用导致失业上升）一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。
(64) “It‟s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.”
参考翻译：被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
(65) The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment.
参考翻译：老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。
(66) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows.
参考翻译：要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。
(67) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “
参考翻译：未来学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
(68) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.
参考翻译：为失业工人提供的由联邦政府帮助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。
1988
(61) Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance.
参考翻译：他显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。
(62) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.
参考翻译：正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。
(63) These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do -- but they also
produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.
参考翻译：这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。
(64) “I don‟t know of any definite answers I‟d be comfortable with,” 参考翻译：我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。
(65) “I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.
参考翻译：他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。”
(66) In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work.
参考翻译：换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。
(67) To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.
参考翻译：选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。
(68) Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women -- or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows?
参考翻译：我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊?
1987
(71) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development.
参考翻译：对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。
(72) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization.
参考翻译：从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。
(73) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them.
参考翻译：如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。
(74) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. 参考翻译：可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。
(75) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.
参考翻译：但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。
(76) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated.
参考翻译：同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。
(77) To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them
参考翻译：诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
(78) From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.
参考翻译：遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。
1986
(71) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.
参考翻译：如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
(72) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.
参考翻译：如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。
(73) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.
参考翻译：学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。
(74) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.
参考翻译：我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
（75）There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make
the best use of one‟s time at university.
参考翻译：当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。
(76) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.
参考翻译：某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
(77) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.
参考翻译：他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。
(78) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
参考翻译：因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。