？句子的基本结构： 句子 = 主语+ 谓语
1. 主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分，除少数句子（如祈使句和感叹句等）外，一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。
2. 在正常情况下，英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致，也就是说主语在前，谓语紧跟其后。
一：主语是一句话的主题，是句子陈述，说明的的对象。表示句子说的是" 什么人" 、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”“什么现象”“什么情况” 。
名词 代词：数词：动名词:To do不定式 一个句子:
名词：none （n. ）普通名词， 专有名词
普通名词： 1 表实际事物的词：book table house apple milk water honey 2 集体名词：family army the government
3 抽象名词： honesty happiness love sadness anger thinking (思想)
注意普通名词的数：可数（C ）与不可数（U ）
1集体名词都可数，并无单复数形式，只表复数。The Chinese people are
hard-working.
注：表一类人或事地三种方法：the+ n（单）、the +adj , a/an+n(单)
2抽象名词一般不可数，表单数。The milk is out of date.
例外：Hope experience impression changes ideas suggestions
3实际事物可数名词的变化规律：
1 一般情况加-s
2以 s, sh ,ch ,z,, x 结尾加-es
Classes, dishes. Churches , buzzes(嗡嗡声), boxes,
3以 辅音字母+y 结尾。把y 变为i 再加es
Parties families
4以辅音字母+o 结尾，加es
Heroes(英雄) potatoes(土豆) tomatoes(西红柿) goes
例外：pianos kiols photos
5以f/fe 结尾, 去f/fe加ves
Leaf(叶子) :leaves knife（小刀）: knives thief（小偷）: thieves
6复合名词：1 man doctor: men doctors / woman doctor: women doctors 2traffic light : traffic lights / housewife :housewives 3looker-on : lookers-on / passer-by: passers-by
专有名词：表示特别的人，滴，事物的的特有名称。
1 人名：lily ,Julia ,Jack, LiMing / Mr.Brown , Miss Li , Dr. Jack , Lady Wang , professional Grey / the Lord , the Emperor Napoleon , the son of Sam
2 地名：America(USA) , Asia , Britain , Span , Pearl Harbour ,the western China
3时间：表月份：January February March April May June July August
September October November December
表星期:Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 表具体时间: Today, tomorrow, yesterday , the day after tomorrow ,the
day before yesterday ,morning, afternoon ,evening,
midnight ,six o’clock in the afternoon
表节日:New Year 新年 Christmas Day 圣诞 Valentine’Day 情人节
4报刊，书名：The Times (泰晤士报) Life （《生活》周刊）Gone With the Wind ，《飘》
5单位，团体名称：the united nations (联合国) congress（美国国会）
SISU （川外Sichuan International Studies University） Yale university (耶鲁大学)
代词：用以代替名词，以及起名词作用的词。
1． 人称代词.
主格(作主语) ： I you he she it we you they
宾格（做宾语）：me you him her it us you them
2物主代词：
形容词性物主代词(位于名词前做定语) ： my your his her its our your their 名词性物主代词（做表语或宾语）：mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 3反身代词(做表语，宾语) ：myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves oneself
4相互代词(做宾语) ：each other , one another
5指示代词(做定语，表语，宾语) ： this that these those it such
6疑问/关系代词：who whose which what whom when where
7不定代词：some something somebody someone /any anything anybody anyone /no nothing nobody no one /every everything everyone /each/much many/ little a little /few a few/ other another /all /none/ one / both either /neither 数词：
基数词
序数词: first second third forth fifth /sixth seventh ninth tenth
Eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth„
Twentieth thirtieth
Twenty-first forty- seventh
Hundredth thousandth millionth billionth
分数 ： 1/2 :a(one) half
1/3 :a/ one third
2/3 two thirds
1/4 a (one) quarter/fourth
3/4 three quarters(fourths)
作定语时：加连字符 one-third two-thirds
5 1/2 : five and a half
7 2/5: seven and two fifths
小数点：1.25 ：one point two five
3.654 : three point six five four
0.045 ：naught/zero point naught four five
百分数：
300%; three hundred per cent
动名词做主语：
Seeing is believing .
Travelling abroad is very exciting .
-to do 做主语
To see is to believe.
To believe him is difficult.
二：谓语用来说明主语的情况。是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明, 指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 跟汉语一样，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语动词：实意动词/系动词
简单句: 1 主语+实意动词+宾语(名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子) Tom hates dogs.
He can do it.
The number of the students is fifth.
I like swimming.
She feels great.
It is beautiful.
The only thing you have to do is (to) cut off the line.
It is very interesting that he likes foreign culture.
注：双宾语：he give me a pen .
Miss Li passed a book to LiXiao.
She asks me to do the work.
He makes the baby laugh.
简单句的修饰：
1状语来修饰整个句子，或谓语动词。
状语：副词，介词短语，或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。
频率副词：always often sometimes never
形容词转为副词：quick —quickly large---largely fortunate—fortunately Tom hates dogs very much.
He can do it quickly.
I like swimming so much.
She really feels great .
It is rather cold.
2定语来修饰做主语，宾语，表语的名词.
Little Tom hates dogs very much.
Lily wants pretty toys.
He has a ugly friend.
3补语来限定或修饰主语，宾语。。起补充说明的作用。少了它句子依然完整。 最常见的是宾语补足语。
名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。 She was found dead.
They named the child, Jimmy.