1. Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved.
高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。
2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Round character is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops and usu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。
3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and characters grow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead of all-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比如《西游记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying阴谋
4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story, mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。
5. Novels of the soil focus on country life, and usu. more on its hardship than on its pleasure.土壤的小说关注乡村生活,和usu.更困难比快乐。
6. The plot development in a fiction or drama can be divided into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. 小说或戏剧的情节发展可分为五个阶段:博览会,上行,高潮,下降动作,决议。
7. Essays can be divided into narration, description, exposition, argumentation论文可以分为叙述、描述、博览会、论证
8. American literature can be divided into 5 stages: Colonial Period, Reason and revolution, romanticism, realism, modernism美国文学可分为5个阶段:殖民时期,理性和革命浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义
9. Figure of speech: personification treats objects as human beings, which are described with human emotion and action.图的言论:化身把对象作为人类,与人类情感和行为描述。
10. Poetry can be divided into three types: narrative(ballard, epic, etc), dramatic, lyric.诗歌可分为三种类型:叙事(巴拉德、史诗等),戏剧性,抒情。
11. Allegory is a story in which events and human characters represent
abstract ideas and teach a moral lesson. While fable is usu. Written for kids,
and the characters are often animals.寓言故事的事件和人物代表抽象的概念和给一个道德教训。而寓言一般,为孩子
们写的和人物往往是动物。
12. Noah Webster is a lexicographer, who once said “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms.”诺亚·韦伯斯特词典编纂者,曾说过“美国必须像她那样独立的文学在政治、艺术作为武器一样出名。”
13. Washington Irving is the father of American Literature. His style includes entertainment, humor, vivid plot and characters, musical rhythm, historical elements. He wrote Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of New York, The Sketch Book华盛顿·欧文是美国文学之父。他的风格包括娱乐、幽默、生动的情节和人物,音乐节奏,历史元素。他写了里普·万·温克尔,无头骑士的传说,纽约的历史素描的书
14. James Cooper is first major frontier novel writer, who starts the tradition of writing western frontier life. His Leatherstocking Tales center around the hunter Natty Bumppo, including Deerslayer, Pathfinder, The Last of Mohicans,
Pioneers, Prairie詹姆斯·库珀是第一次重大前沿小说作家开始写作的传统西方前沿的生活。他Leatherstocking故事围绕猎人整洁的Bumppo,包括Deerslayer,探路者,最后的莫希干人,先锋,草原
15. Edgar Allan Poe is short story writer, poet and literary critic. He is gloomy and pessimistic, loves morbid images, stressing the sole purpose of beauty, art for art’s sake. He wrote The Raven, To Helen, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque埃德加·爱伦·坡短篇小说作家,诗人和文学评论家。他是悲观,悲观,爱病态形象,强调美的唯一目的,为艺术而艺术。他写了乌鸦,海伦,怪诞的故事和曲
16. The speech of The American Scholar is considered as Am. Intellectual Declaration of Independence, uttered by Ralph Emerson, a transcendentalist who loves and appreciate nature as the source of truth and inspiration. He is optimistic and advocates self-reliance美国学者的演讲被认为是。知识的独立宣言,由拉尔夫·爱默生说,一个爱和欣赏自然的先验论者的真理和灵感的来源。他是乐观的,提倡自力更生
17. Nathaniel Hawthorne is complicated in nature, who believes in original sin in mankind. His most famous work is The Scarlet Letter, in which the 4 major characters are Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Pearl. It is also the first major psychological novel in U.S and the author shows his deep sympathy for women. The symbolic meaning of the letter “A” is changing with the development of the plot.纳撒尼尔·霍桑在本质上是复杂的,他相信在人类的原罪。他最著名的作品是《红字》,4个主要人物的海丝特,丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯,珍珠。这也是美国第一个主要心理小说,作者展示了他深切的同情女性。字母“A”的象征意义是随着情节的发展变化。
18. Henry Longfellow is a very popular poet in U.S. , who helps to popularize poetry itself in the nation. After he died, a memorial bust was placed in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He is still the only American so honored亨利·朗费罗是一个非常受欢迎的美国诗人,有助于推广诗歌本身的国家。在他死后,纪念破产是放置在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人的角落在伦敦。他仍然是美国唯一如此荣幸
19. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the book the writer severely attacked the cruelty of slavery. This little book was so influential that it helped to energize anti-slavery forces in the North, while angering and embittering the South. 汤姆叔叔的小屋是由哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托写的。书中作者严厉抨击奴隶制的残酷。这本小书的时候,很有影响力,它帮助激励反对奴隶制的人在北方,而激怒和embittering南方。
20. The period after the Civil War is called “ Gilded Age”, an era of development and celebration, which saw unprecedented economic, industrial and population expansion内战后的时期被称为“镀金时代”,一个时代的发展和庆祝了前所未有的经济、工业和人口膨胀
21. Walt Whitman is the greatest poet in U.S. , who reformed poetry in both content and form. He was the first major poet who wrote Free Verse, which has an irregular rhythm and line length and attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure. His representative work is Leave of Grass and “O Captain, my captain”沃尔特·惠特曼是美国最伟大的诗人,他改革诗歌的内容和形式。他是第一个主要的诗人写自由诗,有不规则的节奏和线长度和试图避免任何预定的诗句结构。他的代表作是离开草,“啊,船长,我的船长”
20. Emily Dickinson is an innovator in poetry, who foretells modernist poetry. Her poems are unique and clever, with no punctuations except lots of dashes. Her favorite theme is death, love, eternal, religion, nature. A critic comments that her poetry feels as if “a cat came at us speaking English”. Her clean, clear poems are some of the most fascinating and challenging in American literature艾米丽迪金森诗歌创新者,他预示现代主义诗歌,她的诗是独特而聪明,没有的欢
歌,除了大量的破折号。她最喜欢的主题是死亡,爱情,永恒的,宗教、自然。一个评论家的评论,她的诗歌感觉仿佛“一只猫出现在我们说英语”。她的干净、清晰的诗的一些最迷人的和具有挑战性的美国文学
21. Mark Twain’s most famous novels include The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Gilded Age, Life on the Mississippi, The Prince and the Pauper, The Mysterious Stranger. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the language is humorous, colloquial, sometimes even ungrammatical. Though the hero is a little boy, it tells something deeper about slavery in U.S. He is a local colorist who is concerned with American West and is the first to write American colloquial English in literary works马克吐温最著名的小说包括《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》,汤姆·索亚历险记,镀金时代,密西西比河上的生活,王子和乞丐,神秘的陌生人。在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》,语言幽默,口语,有时甚至不符合语法。尽管英雄是一个小男孩,它告诉关于奴隶制在美国他更深层次的东西是当地一位画家关心的是美国西部和美国是第一个写口语英语的文学作品
22. Kate Chopin is also a local colorist of American South, and the first American major feminist writer. Her works include The Awakening and “The Story of an Hour”. The Awakening, the story of a determined woman who insists on her independence, is honored as a feminist work ahead of its time凯特肖邦也是一个当地画家”的美国南方,以及美国第一个主要女权主义作家。她的作品包括觉醒和“一小时的故事》,觉醒的故事确定女人坚持她的独立,被誉为一个女权主义者提前工作的时间
23. Jack London is a naturalist, whose works include The Call of the Wild, The Sea Wolf, The White Fang. The Call of
the Wild records the touching story of a courageous dog named Buck杰克·伦敦是一个博物学家,其作品包括野性的呼唤,海狼,白牙。野性的呼唤记录一只勇敢的狗名叫巴克的感人的故事
24. Edwin Robinson is a serious writer, who is a transitional poet at the turn of the century. His poems is mingled with conventional form and modern spirit. His characters are faced with failure, loneliness, defeat, despair and alienation, however, they failed on a materialistic level but somehow succeeded on a moral or spiritual level. His tone is ironic, sympathetic and humorous埃德温·罗宾逊是一个严肃的作家,他是一个过渡在世纪之交的诗人。他的诗是在传统形式与现代精神。他笔下的人物是面对失败,孤独,失败,绝望和异化,然而,他们没有在物质层面上,但在道德或精神层面上获得了成功。他的语气讽刺,同情和幽默
25. Ezra Pound is the leader of Imagism, stressing concrete, clear and exact
images . “In a station of the metro” is a typical imagist poem, composed of only 2 lines. He argued poetry is not “entertainment”庞德意象派的领导人,强调具体、清晰和准确图片。“在地铁车站”是一个典型的意象派诗人的诗,只有2行组成。他认为诗歌不是“娱乐”
26. T. S. Eliot was born in U.S. but later moved to Britain. He is a poet,
Dramatist and critic. His most famous work is The Waste Land, describing modern people’s alienation and upset in modern society. The Waste Land is now considered to rank with James Joyce’s Ulysses as the greatest success of Modernist movement in Anglo-American literature. The writer described himself as “classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion”.t·s·艾略特出生在美国,但后来搬到了英国。他是一个诗人,剧作家、评论家。他最著名的作品是《荒原》,描述了现代人在现代社会的异化和心烦意乱。旷野现在认为排名与詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》在英美文学现代主义运动的最大的成功。作者将自己描述为“在文学、古典学者保皇主义在政治和国教教徒在宗教”。
27. “The Red Wheelbarrow” is written by William Carlos William, who loves Innovation and experiment in poetry.
He usu. adopts images and subjects in common daily life. His sympathy for ordinary people and everyday events in modern urban settings make his poetry attractive. He believed American poetry must be rooted in America as its source of subject matter. Unlike Pound and Eliot, he celebrated the world before his eyes. His poetry reflected America in the process of urbanization and industrialization“红色手推车”是由威廉·卡洛斯·威廉写的爱创新和实验诗歌。他usu.采用图像和对象共同的普通民众的日常生活,他的同情和日常事件在现代城市环境中使他的诗歌有吸引力。他认为美国诗歌必须植根于美国作为其题材来源。不同于英镑和艾略特,他著名的世界在他的眼睛。他的诗歌反映了美国城市化和工业化的进程
28. Robert Frost is a productive poet, whose poems include “The road not taken”, “stopping by woods on a snowy evening”, “Mending wall”, “A Boy’s will”, “Nothing gold can stay”. His poems mainly focus on New England country life, and usu. begin with country scenes while end with a thought provoking philosophy.罗伯特·弗罗斯特是多产的诗人,他的诗歌包括“没有选择的那条路”、“森林在一个下雪的晚上停止”,“补墙”,“一个男孩的意愿”,“没有什么黄金可以保持”。他的诗歌主要专注于新英格兰乡村生活,和usu.开始与国家的场景而结束发人深思的哲学。
29. Sherwood Anderson usu. focus on small town life, whose representative work is Winesburg, Ohio. He is a short story writer, a story teller. He was the first American writer who broke determinedly away from the tradition of gentility, and who had the courage to explore new materials. He influenced the development of American short story more strongly than anyone else except, possibly, Allan Poe did. It is through his achievement that American short story has become a major form of literature舍伍德安德森usu.关注的小镇生活,这本是谁的代表作,俄亥俄州。他是一个短篇小说作家,一个出纳员的故事。他是第一个美国作家是谁打碎了坚决远离文雅的传统,并有勇气去探索新材料。他影响了美国短篇小说的发展比别人更强烈,除了可能·爱伦·坡。正是通过他的成就,美国短篇小说已经成为一个主要的文学形式
30. Hemingway’s writing style：short dialog，iceberg principle/ theory of omission, short sentence, understatement, symbolism, lost generation as characters. His favorite theme is grace under pressure / courage in face of tragedy. His works include The Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bells Tolls, Green Hills of Africa, “Hills Like While Elephants”海明威的写作风格:短对话框中,冰山原则/理论遗漏,短句子,轻描淡写,象征,迷惘的一代人物。他最喜欢的主题是恩典的压力下/勇气面对悲剧。他的作品包括老人与海,太阳依旧升起,永别了,丧钟为谁而鸣,非洲的青山,“山像大象”
31. Langston Hughes is a famous black writer, gained the title of “Poet Laureate of Harlem” for his work during Harlem Renaissance. He brought the rhythms of jazz and blues into poetry. His subject matters include Black life and racial protest蓝斯顿休斯是一个著名的黑人作家,获得“哈莱姆的桂冠诗人”的称号在哈莱姆文艺复兴他的工作。他给诗歌带来了爵士乐的节奏和布鲁斯。他的题材包括黑人生活和种族抗议
32. Faulkner’s writing style includes confusing language, long and extended sentences, multiple point of view, stream of consciousness, symbolism. He won Nobel Prize in 1949 for As I Lay Dying. His other works include Sound and Fury, Bear, A Rose for Emily, Light in August, Go Down, Moses. He is the most important southern writers, depicting southern history and reality with poetic expression. 福克纳的写作风格包括混淆语言,长和扩展句子,多个角度、意识流、象征
意义。他在1949年获得诺贝尔奖在我弥留之际,他的其他作品包括声音和愤怒,熊,艾米丽的玫瑰,在8月,摩西的。他是最重要的南方作家,描绘南方历史和现实与诗意的表达。
33. 诗歌分析
A Psalm of Life, The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls
O Captain! My Captain!
Emily Dickinson: To Make a prairie, I’m Nobody
Richard Cory
In a Station of the Metro
The Red Wheelbarrow
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
The Road not Taken