1、
2、
3、
4、
5、
6、
7、
8、
9、 rather than instead和instead of 反义疑问句 sure用法 so和such 现在完成时 Other\others\the other\the others\another Each和every As用法
10、 Both\neither\either\all\none
11、 Live\alive\living\lively
12、 Asleep\sleep\sleepy
rather than
以下是rather than主要三种用法：
1．跟情态动词would，should，will等连用构成固定搭配，有时rather than可以分开，意为“宁可”、“与其„„倒不如”。例如：
1）He would rather beg in the streets than get money in such dishonest way．他宁愿在街上乞讨，也不愿以这种不正当手段赚钱。
2）I'd rather take the slowest train than go there by air．我宁愿坐最慢的火车也不乘飞机去那里。
2．作准并列连词，相等于and not，只能连接词性相同的词项。例如：
1）He was engaged in writing rather than reading the newspaper．他正忙着写东西，而不是在读报纸。
2）It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter．是你而不是我应该在这封信上签字。
3）She telephoned rather than wrote．她没有写信而是打了电话。
4）He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked．他应该得到怜悯而不是厌恶。
5）I will do it myself rather than ask him to do it．我会亲自去做这件事而不是叫他做。
3．表示两种说法的正确程度，rather than之后紧跟不够精确的说法，意为“与其说„„，不如说„„”。例如：
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1）He is an artist rather than a philosopher．与其说他是个哲学家，不如说他是个艺术家。
2）He lay rather than sat in his armchair．与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。
instead和instead of
instead意为“代替”“替代”，作副词用，通常位于句尾。如位于句首时常用逗号与后面阁开。instead 在顺接句子中作“代替”讲，而在转折（或逆转）句子中作“然而”讲。
例如：1.Lily isn't here. Ask Lucy instead.
Lily不在这儿，去问Lucy吧. [注意]当instead在祈使句中时，只能位于句末。
2.she didn't answer me, instead, she asked me another question.
她没有回答我，反而问了我另外一个问题。
二.instead of是介宾短语，其意与instead相同，不同之处在于它后面常接宾语，起宾语多由名词、代词、介词、短语、动词 + ing 形式充当。
例如：1.We'll ask Li Mei instead of Mary.
我们将去问李梅而不问玛丽。
2.I'll go instead of her.
我会替她去。
三.instead 与instead of的转换。
例如: 1.He didn't answer me, instead, he asked me another
question → He asked me another question instead of answering me.
2.I'll of instead of her.→She won't go.I'll go instead
反义疑问句
百科名片
反义疑问句(The Disjunctive Question) 即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
句型解释
1．陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 可记为 前肯后否
2．陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 可记为 前否后肯
They work hard, don’t they?
She was ill yesterday, wasn’t she?
You didn’t go, did you?
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He can’t ride a bike, can he?
He is a student,isn't he?
主语
一般词语
附加疑问句中主语 用和主语一致的主语，用主格。
不定代词
当陈述部分的主语是
( 1 )everyone,no one， nobody 等时，后面的疑问句应表示为：
I am a student, aren’it ?（或 ain’it ）
Everyone is in the classroom, aren’t they? (基本不用单数，但也可用he） Nobody will go, will they?
(2)everything,anything,nothing,something时，附加疑问句中主语一般用 it 不用 they
（3）this,that,或those,these时，附加疑问句中主语用it和they.
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特殊句型
否定意义的词
否定意义的词
（1）当陈述部分有never，seldom, hardly，few，little，barely, scarcely, nothing 等否定意义的词时，后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式：
There are few apples in the basket, are there?
He can hardly swim, can he?
They seldom come late, do they?
（2）当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly等含有否定词缀的派生词，也就是有un-前缀、-less后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词，当做肯定句处理，疑问部分要用否定形式。如：
He looks unhappy,doesn't he?他看上去不高兴，不是吗？
The girl dislikes history,doesn't she?这女孩不喜欢历史，不是吗？
表示主语主观意愿的词
含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。
(1.)当主句的主语为第一人称时，其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如： I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he? We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?
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值得注意的是，当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时，其仍属否定句，故其后的简短问句应用肯定式，而非否定式。例如：
I don't believe that he can translate this book, can he?
Wedon't imagine the twins have arrived, have they?
此类句子的回答同"前否后肯"型反意疑问句一样，如上述后一个句子，若双胞胎已经到了，则回答为"Yes, they have."；若尚未到达，使用"No, they haven't."。
(2).当主句的主语为第二、三人称时，其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致（此时，否定只看主句，与从句无关...）。例如：
Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?
You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?
They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?
She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?
(3)但如果主句的时态是过去时等等，疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致。 had better或have
陈述部分有had better,或其中的have表示完成时态时，疑问句应用hadn’t等开头：
You’d better get up early, hadn’t you?
其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用don't等开头
如have表示“有”的时候，有两种形式：
-He has two sisters,doesn't he?
-He doesn't have any sisters,does he?
祈使句
当陈述部分是祈使句时，疑问句要根据语气来表达
当开头是Let‘s时，一定要用shall we。其余都用will you（包括 Let us）不论肯定否定
Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?
Let us go out for a walk, will you?
Let me help you,may I?
Turn on the radio, will you?
There be句型
There be 句型中，反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + there
There are some apples in the basket, aren't there?
There isn't any milk left, is there?
must
.当陈述部分有情态动词must，问句有4种情况：
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（1）mustn't表示“禁止，不可，不必”时，附加问句通常要用must.
You mustn't stop your car here,must you?
你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？
（2）must表示“有必要”时，附加问句通常要用needn't.
They must finish the work today,needn't they?
他们今天要完成这项工作，是吗？
（3）当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时，问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。
He must be good at English,isn't he?
他英语一定学得很好，是吗？
（4）当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测（一般句中有明确的过去时间状语），问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”；如果强调动作的完成（一般没有明确的过去时间状语），问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”。
She must have read the novel last week,didn't she?
她上星期一定读了这本小说，是吗？
You must have told her about it,haven't you?
你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？
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回答
反意疑问句的回答用yes， no， 但是，回答意思相反,当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如：
They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？
Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对， 他们工作不努力 肯定反意疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为否定式，反意疑问句为肯定式时，其回答往往与汉语不一致，需特别引起注意：
"It isn’t cheap, is it?" "Yes, it is." “它不便宜吧？”“不，很便宜。” "He doesn’t love her, does he?" "No, he doesn’t."“他不爱她，是吗？”“是的，他不爱她。”
此时，"Yes"即不，对前面"It isn't cheap."的否定。
否定反意疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式，反意疑问句为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照情况回答即可：
"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，对吗？”“对，是新的。”
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"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，对吗？”“不，他不想去。”
此时，"No"即是，对前面"It's new."的肯定。
回答反意疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定，如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答，肯定你还没有asleep。但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着，对吗)，你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的，还没有睡着)，而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am.
“It is a beautiful flower，isn't it？” “It isn't a beautiful flower，is it？”
上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes，it is."否定为“No，it isn't."
由上述例子可知，反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联，只需注意事实，肯定即用yes，否定用no，无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。
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重点归纳
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither„nor,
either„or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定
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并列主语
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that, 主语用it
nothing,this
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you？
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式
must表"推测" 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句
sure用法
1. 用作形容词
2. 1)常用于be sure of, be sure to do, be sure that 结构中。例如：
3. You may be sure of his honesty. /You may be sure that he is hone
st. 你可以确信他的诚实。
4. I'm sure of winning the game. 我有把握能赢得比赛。
5. He is sure to be back soon. 他一定会很快回来。
6. Be sure not to forget it. 千万别忘了。
7. 注：be sure of 与be sure to do的区别：
8. be sure of 和be sure that一样，主语是人， 主语感到“有把握；确
信”； be sure to do的主语可以是人，也可以是物， 表示说话人推测“一定；必然会”。例如：
9. He is sure of his success. /He is sure that he will succeed. 他
确信他会成功。
10. He is sure to succeed. 他一定会成功。(说话人的看法)
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11. 2)make sure of/ make sure about /make sure that /make sure to do
有“弄清楚；查明”之意。例如：
12. She made sure that she turned off the light. 她确定她已关灯了。
13. Make sure to lock the door before you go out.出去之前一定要锁上
门。
14. 另外，常见的与sure相关的短语还有：be sure of oneself 有自信心，
for sure的确；确实地。
15. 2. 用作副词
16. 主要用于口语，此时的“Sure.”相当于“Of course.” 与“Certainly.”。
so和such
Don’t make so much noise! 别那么大声嚷嚷。
as和too作副词时，同so结构相同
这个故事同你讲的同样有趣。
他是一位年纪太大的老人，做不了那件事。
such„„as 意为“像„„一样的（人或物）”这里as不能用like。
我从未见过像南京这样干净的城市。
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Such作adj.要但要 Such is 和 such are
Such
Such is her hope. 这就是她的希望。
Such are her last word. 这就是她最后说的话。
现在完成时
一、构成方法
由 have 加动词的过去分词构成，主语是第三人称单数时，要将 have 改为 has。
二、用法说明
■表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。有时与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用，如：
I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )
注意：
1. 现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用。
2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等；而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响，因此，若现在影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了。如说I have closed the door. 那门现在也是关着的，若被风吹开了，就只能说I closed the door. 了。
■表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since+时间点”，“for+时间段”，及how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in the last /past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。如：
She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。
So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。
They’ve lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了。
I saw Julia in April and I haven’t seen her since. 我四月见到朱莉娅，从那
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之后就没见到她了。
注意：非延续性动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时，在肯定句中不能与 for 或 since 等引导的时间段连用。但其在否定式是可与这类时间状语连用的。如：I haven’t met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了。
■用于This/That/It is the first(second„) time that„句型中。如：
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了。
■用于This/That/It is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that„句型中。如： That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书。 句型
基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语.
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） 定义： （1） 强调动作是过去发生的
（2） 强调对现在的影响或结果
（3） 在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
但过去分词一定要选择准确。
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过去分词
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
现在完成时态-中小学教育资料
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
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不规则动词
2 、不规则动词：
AAA型
原型 过去式 过去分词
burst burst burst
cast cast cast
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
shut shut shut
spread spread spread
let let let
read read read
led led led
AAB型
beat beat beaten
ABA型
become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情况
read read read
read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB型
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
burn burnt burnt
catch caught caught
dig dug dug
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
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find found found
feed fed fed
get got got
hang hung hung
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
lose lost lost
leave left left
lend lent lent
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
sell sold sold
shoot shot shot
say said said
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
shine shone shone
sweep swept swept
sleep slept slept
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
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drink drank drunk
fly flew flown
forgive forgave forgiven
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
ride rode ridden
rise rose risen
ring rang rung
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
take took taken
wear wore worn
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用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段 为。。。。时间
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从„„以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
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Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
●注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose„„）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in
go out----be out
finish----be over
open----be open
die----be dead
Buy---have
Fall ill---be ill
Come back---be back
Put on ---be on/wear
Worry---be worried
Catch a cold---have a cold
„„„„„„
★1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. ★2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. ★3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
★5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
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4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
编辑本段
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表
：
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at„相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been closed/opened
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. havemarried → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier„
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Other\others\the other\the others\another
other及其变化形式在初中教材中多次出现，而且它的变化形式很多，有以下几种：the other, others, the others, another 等。它们的用法现归纳如下；
1.other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。如：
Do you have any other question(s)?
你还有其他问题吗？
Ask some other people.
问问别人吧！
Put it in your other hand.
把它放在你另一只手里。
2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other作代词。如：
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker.
他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。
the other后可加单数名词，也可加复数名词，此时的other作形容词。如： On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree.
在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。
Mary is much taller than the other girls.
玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。
He lives on the other side of the river.
他住在河的对岸。
3.others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个”，“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如：
Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports.
我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其余的从事体育活动。
Give me some others, please.
请给我别的东西吧！
There are no others.
没有别的了。
4.the others意思是“其他东西，其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。是the other的复数形式。如：
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home.
两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。
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the others=the other +复数名词，这在第2条中已经有所介绍。
5.another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如：
I don’t like this one. Please show me another.
我不喜欢这一个，请给我看看另一个。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker.
我有三个女儿。一个是护士，另一个是教师，还有一个是工人。
Each和every
Each与every都有“每个”的意思，但二者含义及语法功能不同，主要区别是： 一、
1. each既可用作形容词，又可用作代词，在句中可以作定语，主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。例如：
1.Each student has his own dictionary . （形容词，定语）
2.Each has his good point . （代词，主语）
3.Our headteacher had a talk with each of us . （代词，宾语）
4.The students each have a desk . （代词，同位语，不影响谓语动词的单复数）
5.The children can have a bag each . （副词，状语）
二. each与every都可用作形容词，在句中作定语，但each更强调个人或个别，every更强调全体或全部。比较：
I know each member of your family .
我认识你们家的每个成员。
I know every member of your family .
我认识你们家的每个成员。
三. each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物的“全体”，与all的意思相近。试译：
这条街上每边都有很多商店。
［误］There are many shops on every side of the street .
［正］There are many shops on each side of the street .
我给她父母每人一件礼物。
［误］I gave a present to every one of her parents .
［正］I gave a present to each of her parents .
四. each 单独作主语或each、every修饰的单数名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数形式，
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但each of them作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数形式都可以。例如：
Each / Each person / Every person is living a happy life now .
人人都过着幸福生活。
Each of them are / is wearing full dress .
他们个个都身着盛装。
五. every可以与not连用构成部分否定，意思是“并不/非人人”，而each则不可以与not连用。全部否定是no one ，意思是“个个都不”、“没有人”等。例如：
Each / Everyone / Every one of them doesn’t like the TV play . 并非人人都喜欢电视剧 部分否定
No one likes the TV play . 完全否定
六. 表示“每隔„„”、“每„„”，要用“every＋基数词＋复数名词”。这种结构中的every不能用each替代。例如：
They’ll choose one out of every ten girls . We hand in our homework every three days .
As用法
as作连词的用法
1. as...as的用法
as...as意为"和„„一样"，表示同级的比较。使用时要注意第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词。其基本结构为：as+ adj./ adv. +as。例如：
(1)This film is as interesting as that one.这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
(2)Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。 其否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。例如：
This dictionary is not as/so useful as you think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。
若有修饰成分，如twice, three times, half, a quarter等，则须置于第一个as之前。例如：
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍。
几个关于as...as的常见句型：
(1)as...as possible
Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题。
(2)as...as usual/before
She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮。
(3)as long as... (引导条件状语从句)
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It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划。
(4)as far as
He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚，他一直散步到火车站。
(5)as well as
She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好。
一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳：
as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌
as easy as ABC像ABC一样容易
as deep as a well像井一样深
as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻
as soft as butter像黄油一样软
as rich as a Jew像犹太人一样富裕
2. as用作连词引导时间状语从句
as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是"当„„的时候"。但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如：
(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。
(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。
(3) You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。
3. as用作连词引导原因状语从句
as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是"因为，由于"，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作"既然"。例如：
(1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。
(2) Since you are so sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。
(3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。
4. as作连词引导让步状语从句
as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是"虽然，尽管"，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放
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在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：
(1) Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。 (2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。
(3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。
二、as作关系代词的用法
关系代词as引导定语从句时，既可以单独使用，也可以与其他词连用，其用法要比that和which更为复杂。
1. as引导定语从句与其他词连用
①用于the same...as结构中
This is the same book as I read last week.这本书和我上周读的那本是一样的。 ②用于such...as结构中
I don”t like such books as he recommends.我不喜欢他推荐的那些书。
③用于"so +adj. + a/an + n. (单数) + as "结构中
I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。
2. as单独引导定语从句
as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：
(1) She is late, as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句)
(2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.对事实视而不见--你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)
三、as作介词的用法
as作介词，意思是"作为"，"以„„身份"。例如：
He came to China as a tourist five years ago.他五年前以游客的身份来过中国。
四、as作副词的用法
to the same degree or amount; equally "相同地"，"同样地"。例如：
They don”t have as many airplanes.他们没有同样多的飞机。
Both\neither\either\all\none
+n.[c](pl)
作主语看做复数
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„„and„„
1、 两个女孩都来自英国。 2、 3、 I can speak both Chinese and English.
Both 反义词——neither 二者都不
+ n单 代词作主语看作三单
就近原则
1.这二个男孩都不喜欢鸡蛋。
Neither boy likes eggs.
Neither of the boys likes eggs.
2.你和我都不是工人。
Neither you nor I am a worker.
Neither I nor you are a worker.
二者中任意一个
+ n单
代词作主语看作三单
主语 就近原则
1.二个女孩都很美丽。
Either girl is very beautiful.
Either of the girl is very beautiful.
2.要么我对，要么他们对。
Either I or they are right.
Either they or I am right.
三者或三者以上： 都 ---- 都不
all ---- none
作主语看作复数 all of the n不 看作三单
none of the ns 单复数均可
none of the n不 单数
1.All the students are very happy.
2.None of the students is/are very happy.
3.None of the news is good. 用 be 的适当形式填空
Live\alive\living\lively
live、alive、living、lively的区别
(1) live与alive、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。 live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；
如：This is a live fish.
alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。
如：
This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)
这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）
Who's the greatest man alive(=living man)?
谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）
作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；
如：The enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语，不用living） 那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）
(2) living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。
living还有“活像。。。的、逼真的”或“生动有趣的”的意思。
如： He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive） 他活象他父亲。
made history a living subject
使历史成为生动有趣的科目
alive还有“充满的（be alive with）”或“敏感的（be alive to）”的意思。 如：a pool alive with trout
满是鳟鱼的水塘
alive to the moods of others
对别人情绪很敏感
live还有“实况转播的、现场直播的、现场的”或“热门的”的意思。
如：a live television program.
现场直播的电视节目
live entertainment
现场娱乐活动
a live topic; still a live option
热门话题；仍然热门的选择
(3) live当动词讲时为“过活”或“居住”的意思。
如：live on rice and fish; live on a small inheritance
靠米和鱼生存；依靠一小笔遗产生活
live on a farm
住在农场上
living当名词讲时为“谋生、生计”或“生活”的意思。
如：made their living by hunting.
靠打猎为生
the high cost of living
很高的生活费用
prefer plain living
偏爱简朴的生活
(4) 只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。 如： The living are more important to us than the dead.
活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。
(5) lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。
如：Young children are usually lively.
小孩子们通常是活泼的。
He told a very lively story. 他讲了一个生动的故事。
Asleep\sleep\sleepy
asleep/ sleep / sleepy
Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”；常作表语。如：
① The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。
② He was too tired and fell asleep at once. 他太累了，立刻就睡着了。
Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如：
① You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。
② Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。
Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如：
① She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。
② I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。
1.可以修饰比较级的词，much，a lot，far，„的多a little，a bit，„一点儿 even甚至，still仍然
可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
例如，Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。 Tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。
This train runs much faster than that one.这辆火车比那辆跑地快。
She drives still more carefully than her husband.她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。
2.比较级常用的句型结构
(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙„”或“甲比乙„几倍” 例如，Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。
This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。
“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙„”或“甲比乙„几倍”
例如，I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我妈妈还早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
(2)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都„„”，含义是“甲最„„”。
例如，The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.长江比中国的其他所有的河都长。
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。