施工组织设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
施工组织设计的重要性
摘要：
建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。
关键词：
项目管理 施工组织 方案 重要性
施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。
1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因
建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。
2.施工组织设计方案的重要性
建筑产品作为一种商品， 在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。
2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案 不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的主要参考依据。因此，认真做好施工组织设计，对于正确确定工程造价、降低工程投资，从而有利控制工程造价将有十分重要的作用。
2.2施工组织方案是对施工活动实行科学管理的重要手段，它具有战略部署和战术安排的双重作用。它体现了实现基本建设计划和设计的要求，提供了各阶段的施工准备工作内容，协调施工过程中各施工工区，各施工工种，各项自愿之间的相互关系。施工组织方案必须能够根据工程产品的特点和要求，根据现有的和可能争取到的施工条件，从实际出发，决定各种生产要素的基本结合方式，不切实解决问题，就不可能进行任何生产。
3.施工组织设计的指标计算和分析
目前施工组织设计应建立哪些指标还不统一，计算方法也不规范。由于它是评价施工组织设计整体效果和评价执行状况的尺度，也是对承建工程施工的单位(项目部)生产经营管理水平和效果进行考核的依据。应予重视，提出如下意见。
3.1指标体系。指标体系的设置要尽量反映施工组织设计目标达到的水平，为评价、考核、执行提供方便。
3.2指标计算。(1)施工准备期。从现场准备开始到正式工程开工的全部时间。
(2)单位工程工期。由单位工程施工进度计划安排的施工期。(3)劳动力不均衡系数。施工期高峰人数与平均人数之比。(4)降低成本额。技术组织措施降低成本的价格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本额占承包成本的百分比。(6)施工机械化程度。机械施工完成产值与工程承包造价之比。(7)工厂化施工程度。预制厂(采砂场、采石场)完成的产值与工程承包造价之比。(8)临时工程投资比例。全部临时工程投资与工程承包造价之比。(9)临时工程费用比例。全部临时工程消耗费用减回收费与工程承包造价之比。
3.3指标分析。施工组织设计指标与同类工程历史实际水平相比，可以评价施工组织设计效果；不同施工组织设计方案的指标对比，可以优选方案；分析以往历次同类工程的各项指标的加权数值，可以作为今后再次投标的参考依据。
4.施工组织设计的管理
随着社会主义市场经济的建立,建筑市场的竞争日趋激烈,客观形势对施工企业的要求越来越高。不仅在技术装备、人员素质、施工组织者方面提出较高的要求，而且工程经济管理工作中有关工程预结算也面临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下，有些施工企业没有积极采取应对措施,对员工的专业技术没有更新、培训。科学技术管理水平相当落后。加上对编制审核施工组织设计没有引起足够的重视。因此就会出现以下几种常见的情况：
4.1开工前没有编制审核施工组织设计：不搞施工平面布置图,材料乱堆乱放。土方运出运进、机械设备、劳动力需求无计划、工程质量、安全施工无保证措施。造成窝工浪费现象严重,管理水平较低。
4.2是否是专业人员编制施工组织设计：为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲方检查而给施工员或资料员代编施工组织设计。因为资料根本对现在的施工管理不了解而又是领导最近安排的，不得不胡乱编造，应付了事。
4.3施工组织设计编制水平低：有的施工单位，不明白施工组织在施工过程中的重要性，写一写各分项施工工艺、画张平面布置图、工程进度计划表,便认为是施工组织设计了。
4.4要技术弃经济：相当多的施工企业单位在编制施工组织设计时。只重视施工组织当中的各分项工程的技术措施。没有考虑分项工程经济指标方面内容,导致工程竣工结算时纠纷不断,蒙受经济损失。
因此，要对施工组织设计进行管理：
(1)实行动态管理
工程施工过程中，不可避免地会遇到意想不到的各种问题，如设计变更、自然因素等影响，各阶段施工进程的变化造成现场方案的调整，因此必须根据变化了的现场实际进行动态管理，对施工组织设计中不适宜部分进行必须的修改、补充、优化，以达到既定的建设目标。
(2)实行分层管理
项目法施工的推行，管理层与作业层分离，以及固定工人逐步减少的情况，势必引出总承包与分包的现象，中标单位从过去的直接管理、直接技术交底，变为间接管理、间接技术交底，因此应根据施工组织设计进行分层管理，明确总包与分包单位、管理层与作业层的技术权限、职责与工作程序。
5.结语
在项目的施工中，一定要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制，确保项目的施工有序，防止施工组织设计流于形式。施工组织设计是工程质量、安全、进度的保障有力措施。在一定的资源条件下实现工程的技术经济效益，达到施工效益与经济效益双赢的目的。
6.遵照合同工作
除非合法的或现实条件不允许，任何情况下，承包商应严格遵照合同实施、竣工和修补其任何缺陷以满足工程师的要求。无论合同中是否提及或接触或涉及施工，承包商应严格执行工程师的指示。根据合同第2条的规定，承包商只能从工程师代表处取得指示。
7.提交进度计划
承包商应当在中标函签发日之后第二部分说明的时间之内，以工程师规定的适当
格式和详细程度，向工程师递交一份工程进度计划，以取得工程师的同意。无论工程师何时需要，承包商还应以书面形式提交一份对其进行工程施工所拟采用的安排和方法的总说明。
8.修改进度
无论何时，如果工程师认为，工程的实际进度不符合第14.1款中已经同意的进度计划时，承包商应根据工程师的要求提出一份修订过的进度计划，表明为保证工程按期竣工而对原进度计划所作的修改。
9.提交现金流量估算
在中标函签发日之后第二部分条款说明的时间之内，承包商应按季度向工程师提交承包商根据合同将有权得到的全部支付的详细现金流通量估算。若工程师提出要求，依照合同规定指定承包商的所有支付，承包商还应按季度提供修订的现金流通量估算。
10.承包商的监督
只要工程师认为是为正确履行合同规定的承包商义务所必需的，承包商应在工程的施工期间及其后提供一切必要的监督。承包商或经工程师批准的一位合格的并授权的代表应用其全部时间对该工程进行监督。上述批准可由工程师随时撤回。该授权代表应代表承包商接受工程师的指示，或根据第2条的规定 接受工程师代表的指示。
Importance of construction organization design
Summary:
Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring in construction of key technical and economic documents. Canregulate the construction people, machines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy consumption.
Key words:
Project management construction management programme the importance Construction organization design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas and specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul. Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineeringbest results when working in construction as a whole.
1.Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design
Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and onepiece, form a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engineering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This isbecause other general industrial products have their own fixed, longterm application factories. Building construction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Construction
characteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor
organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuration, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and tec
hnology is a long time,which raises the total progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organization design in project management.
2.Importance of construction organization design
Construction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Constructionorganization design of basic content: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and construction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more important , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structure of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.
2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documents, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design,
correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role.
2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of constructi
on preparation, coordination of construction during the construction projectthe construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be according to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basiccombination of various factors of production, does not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.
3.Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators
Construction organization design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because itis the evaluation of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and management levels and to test the effectiveness of thebasis. Must be given to, and made the following comments.
3.1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index system of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation.
3.2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the official project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress plan of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficientDuring peak and the average ratio of the number of. (4) reducethe cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mechanical construction completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of industrial construction.
Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engineering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.
3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar projects historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicators of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighted numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bidding again.
4.Management of construction organization design
With the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market competition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put forward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering budget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some construction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Science and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction organization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several common scenarios:
4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared: not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, construction without guarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management.
4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher authorities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization design
for information or addendum. Because the information simply don't know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.
4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction organization in the construction process, write about the construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organization plan.
4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leading to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses.
Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the i
ntroduction of dynamic management
Construction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural factors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adjustments must therefore be based on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for construction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.
(2) Implementation of hierarchical management
Project law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed workers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, bid units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect management, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organization design for tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and management layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program.
5.Closing remarks
In the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to prevent construction organization design of formality. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures of protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project and achieve the winwin purpose construction and economic benefit.
6.Work to be in Accordance with Contract
Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the Contractor shall execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein in strict accordance with the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor shall comply with and adhere strictly to the Engineer's instructions on any matter, whether mentioned in the Contract or not, touching or concerning the Works. The Contractor shall take instructions only from the Engineer or, subject to the provisions of Clause 2, form the Engineer's Representative.