现在完成时
一、现在完成时的用法
1. 过去发生或已完成的某动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
1）I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。（过去某时开始做，到现在已完成）
2）He has already come 他已经来了。（过去某时开始离开某地到这来，现在已在这。）
2. 表示动作发生在过去并延续到现在,有可能继续延续下去。如：
1）I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。
（六年前开始学英语，一直学到现在, 也可能继续学也可能就此不学了。）
2）I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我从1990年就在沈阳住。
（从1990年开始住在沈阳一直住到现在，也可能继续住也可能就此为止。）
二、现在完成时的结构
1）肯定式：主语 + have / has + 过去分词
2）否定式: 主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词
3）一般疑问式 Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词
4）特殊疑问式 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词
三、现在完成时的时间状语
现在完成时常用的时间状语包括 ―already, yet,ever, etc‖。
例如：We have learned about 3000English words by the end of this term. 到上学期末我们已经学了3000个英语单词。
注意：
1) 当表示一段时间，现在完成时可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如：I’ve known Li Li for 4 years. 我认识丽丽已经4年了。
I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自从8年前我就在这工作。
2) 当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时，在转换成否定句时，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet.。
例如：I have already seen the film. ------ I haven’t seen the film yet.
He has just come. ------He hasn’t come yet.
四、使用时注意事项
1.―have/ has got ‖ 形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意思―有‖。
例如：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have.
你有笔友吗？是的，我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasn’t.
他有许多工作要做吗？不，他没有。
2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用
He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。
He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。
Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗？
3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用；
have/ has gone to则不可。例如:
─ Has Tom ever been to Paris? 汤姆去过巴黎吗？
─ Yes, he’s been there many times. 是的，他去过好几次了。
─ Where have they gone? 他们去哪里了？
─ They’ve gone to Shenyang. 他们去沈阳了。
4．非延续性动词(或称作终止性动词)不能用―现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语‖的句型中。
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。
arrive, come → be here, be in buy → have
begin, start → be on die → be dead
get up → be up leave, move → be away；
go out → be out borrow→keep
finish/end →be over open →be open
现在完成时练习：
一、选择填空
1. Kate’s never seen Chinese films，____ ?
A. hasn’t she B. has she C. isn’t she D. is she
2. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
-______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do；finish B. Are；finishing C. Did；finish D. Have；finished
3. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
4. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
5. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn’t receive B. haven’t got C. didn’t have D. haven’t heard
6. -Have you ever______Beijing ? -Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
7. My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
8. I won’t go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don’t lose C. have lost D. is coming
9. – Where is Mr Liu? - He________ the library.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in D.has went
10. We came to Shanghai three years ago, so we_______here for two years.
A. have been to B. have been in C. have been D. have gone
11.- How long_______you _______your exam paper? - About three months.
A. did；buy B. have；get C. have；had D. have；bought
12. He tells me he ________China for over eight years.
A. has been B. has been in C. has been to D. has gone to
13. His parents________ for more than 3 years.
A. have come here B. have started to work
C. have lived there D. have left the university
14．I_______ a letter from him since he left．
A．didn't receive B．haven't got C．didn't have D．haven't heard
15．—Where have you _______ these days？
—I have _______to Dalian with my friends．
A．been；gone B．been；been C．gone；been D．gone；gone
16．How long have you _______ this book？
A．bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent
17．—Where's Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing．
A．is going B．has been C．has gone D．went
18．We have lived here _______ five years ago．
A．when B．since C．before D．after
19．—I have watched the game． —When _______you _______ it？
A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watch D．will；watch
20. Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．
A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone
二．用动词的适当形式填空
1. I___________ already _________(see) the film. I_____________(see) it last week.
2. —___________he___________(finish) his work yet? — Not yet.
3. — ___________you___________(be) to Hong Kong?
— Yes, I____________(be) there twice.
4. — ___________you ever____________(eat ) chocolate? — No, never.
5. My father____________ just___________(come) back from work. He is tired now.
6. — Where's Li Ming? — He___________(go) to the teacher's office.
7.I____________(work) here since I___________(move) here in 1999.
8. — How long__________ the Wangs ____________(stay) here ? — For
two weeks.
三. 句型转换 (每空一词)
1. I have been to Macau before. (改为否定句)
I______ ______been to Macau before. )
_________ _________ he come to school? 就划线部分提问)
__________ __________ ___________ __________learned English?
4. I bought a new bike just now. (用just改写)
I_______ just __________a new bike.
5. We began to learn English three years ago. (改为同义句)
We___________ ___________English _____________three years.
四．填入has / have been 或has / have gone.
1. Harry： I saw you in Annabel's Restaurant last night.
Diana： No, it wasn't me. I ____________ never__________ there.
2. Sam： Sally and Tim are on holiday, aren't they? Where________they __________?
Sue： To Florida, again.
Sam： How many times________they___________there?
Sue： This is their third visit.
3. Steve： Can I speak to Jill, please?
Lynn： She's out, I'm afraid. She____________to the cinema this evening. Steve： Again? She________already__________to the cinema three times this week.
五、 用for 或since填空。
1. Jill has been in Ireland______________Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland____________three days.
3. My aunt has lived in Australia________15 days.
4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there___________7 o'clock.
5. The bus is late. We've been waiting___________20 minutes.
6. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty______________many years.
7. Tom has been ill_________a long time. He has been in hospital_____________October.
用法注意
1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语） 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
如already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），
just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，
如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等： Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用， 如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this
morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.
6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。）
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状
语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year...，today等）连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。） 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：（1）现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：表示某人已离开某地，说话时人不在原地（去了没回） has been to ：表示去过某地，说话时人不在某地（去过已回来） has been in：表示一直呆在某地， 常与时间段搭配（呆了很久）
10.不可以与一般过去时的定义混淆
现在完成时和一般过去式的区别
1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。如：
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)
2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：
Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（着重点是现在有了一台新电脑）
3. 两种时态的区分
一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...表示一段时间的状语连用。
一般过去时：动作仅仅表示过去，已经结束，与现在无关
现在完成时：动作起点在过去，延续到现在 强调对现在的影响
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