非谓语动词
分词作状语
1 Adverb Clause of time时间状语从句
1 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏 the day went on, the weather got worse.
从句表示"随时间推移"连词用as，不用when 或while.
2 恰恰在交通灯变红时，我停住了车。
• 不同时发生
1 我陪你直到你妈妈回家。
I will stay with you your mother comes home.
I won’t leave you your mother comes home.
2 在拿到钱后，他迅速地离开了银行。 didn’t leave the bank. having got the money, he didn’t leave the bank.
3 自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。
He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
4 我到家后就给你打电话。
I’ll phone you when I get home.
As soon as I get home, I’ll phone you.
as soon as表示立即发生。
夏娃在剪草, 亚当种玫瑰。
Eve was cutting the grass while Adam was planting roses.
Eve was cutting the grass. At the same time, Adam was planting roses.
Eve was cutting the grass. Meanwhile Adam was planting roses.
We had a great holiday. we spent a few days in shanghai.
we drove down to Hangzhou and stayed there for a week. ,we went back to Nanjing and visited some old friends.
• 2. Adverb Clause of Reason 原因状语从句
连接主从句 because, since, and as
后接短语due to, owing to, because of
• 2. Adverb Clause of Reason
我没有赶上汽车所以我迟到了。
I was late I could not catch the bus.
我觉得很不舒服，我回家很早。
Because I felt tired, I went home early.
1 我们总去那因为那的天气棒极了。
We always go there because the weather is wonderful.
We always go there because of the wonderful weather.
2 由于天气原因所以飞机晚点了。
The plane was late because the weather was bad.
The plane was late because of the bad weather.
Due to/ Owing to the bad weather, the plane was late.
• 3. Adverb Clause of concession and contrast
转折，对比
These clauses are introduced by
连接主从句 though, although, as, even if / though
no matter how , no matter what
while, whereas
后接短语 in spite of
连接两个句子 however, on the other hand
by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary
虽然他很小但是他很强壮。
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从 句不能有but
尽管他膝盖（knee）受伤，他仍然赢得了比赛。
He still won the game although/ though/even though/ even if he had a bad knee.
He still won the game in spite of his bad knee.
• Exercise
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
1 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
2 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Exercise 写同义句
尽管他很小但是他很强壮。
Though he is small, he is very strong.
Small though/as he is, he is very strong.
尽管下雨了，他们仍然在地里工作。
Though it's raining, they are still working in the field.
Raining though/as it is, they’re still working in the field.
• Mary很富有但是John很穷。
• Mary is rich, while / whereas John is poor.
• 冬天，中国的北方很寒冷干燥。然而，南方却温暖潮湿。
• The north of China is cold and dry, while/ whereas the south is warm and wet in winter. • however
虽然我不同意他的很多方法，但是他是一个很好的老师。
1 Although/ though/ even though/even if
Although/ though/ even though/even if I don’t agree with a lot of his methods, he is a good teacher.
2 but
I don’t agree with a lot of his methods but he is a good teacher.
3 However
I don’t agree with a lot of his methods. However, he is a good teacher.
Tom觉得这是一部很棒的电影，然而Joe觉得这部电影很傻。
Tom thought it was a great film. However, Joe thought it was stupid.
• On the other hand
On one hand, studying overseas has a number of advantages.
Firstly,…….
Secondly,………..
Thirdly, …….
On the other hand, studying abroad has a number of drawbacks. These may be divided into personal and professional.
• in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary
1 他不穷相反他是个百万富翁。
He is not poor. he is a millionaire.
2 这家旅馆不贵，相反他是这个城里最便宜的。
This hotel is not expensive. it is the cheapest one in this town.
• 4 Adverb Clause of Result 结果状语从句
连接主从句 so (that), so + adj. / adv. + that such + a + noun + that, etc.
连接两个句子 As a result, as a consequence, consequently, in consequence, therefore
• Adverb Clause of Result
Tom很弱以至于他跑不动。
Tom was weak Tom was 这个故事太离奇了以至于没人相信。
It was a strange story no one believed it.
It was no one believed it.
他不好好学习结果没通过考试。
He didn’t study hard He didn’t study hard. he failed his exams. (写作) He didn’t study hard. he failed his exams.（写作）
He didn’t study hard, he failed his exams.（写作）
• 5 Adverb Clause of Purpose 目的状语从句
连接主从句 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, etc.
• Adverb Clause of Purpose 目的状语从句
he wouldn’t be late. he wouldn’t be late.
• 6 Addition 递进（添加信息）
what’s more, as well, too(后两个不用于句首)
连接两个句子 besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, likewise, similarly, equally
• Addition 递进（添加信息）
and, as well, too, what’s more, in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides (而且)
对于这件工作你需要有学位而且还要有一些工作经验。 口语) 口语)
For this job you need a degree. （口语） （写作） （写作）
（口笔） （口笔） （口笔）
孩子应该尊重父母，同样的他们也要尊重老师。 Children should respect their parents. ＿＿＿＿＿ ,they should respect their teachers.
• 7 Conditions 条件
连接主从句
if, unless
as (so) long as=on condition that=
provided (that),=providing (that)
supposing (that), assuming (that),
otherwise
• Conditions 条件
5 pm. you return it by 5 pm. 5 pm.(口语) 5 pm.（口语）
• otherwise=if not
我必须走了否则我要错过末班车了。 I’ll miss the last bus. I’ll miss the last bus.
• 8 Adverb Clause of Place 地点状语从句
连接主从句
where and wherever.
• Adverb Clause of Place
把药放在你可以很容易拿到的地方。
Put the medicine where you can easily get it.
他到任何他喜欢的地方去旅游。
• He travels wherever he likes.
You’d better make a mark where you have any questions. 地点状语从句
You’d better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. 定语从句
倒装
1 if引导的虚拟语气的倒装（见前面笔记））
2 although 引导的倒装
尽管他很小但是他很强壮。
Though he is small, he is very strong.
Small though/as he is, he is very strong.
尽管下雨了，他们仍然在地里工作。
Though it's raining, they are still working in the field.
Raining though/as it is, they’re still working in the field.
3 By no means / On no account /In no way/ At no time/ under no circumstance 绝不 Under no circumstance can we ignore the importance of education.
By no means should we separate education from practice.
4 Not only…but also
The parents should spend time on their children. They should also communicate with them. 把这句变成倒装
Not only should parents spend time on their children but also (they should) communicate with them.