Chapter Eight
Translation of English for Science and Technology《科技英语翻译》
1) 纯专业技术词汇(Pure ST Terms)
The lacuna between the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age once supposed to be a real hiatus, is being filled by a Middle Stone Age.
旧石器时代和新石器时代之间的空隙曾经被认为是个一个真正的间隔，现在被中石器时代所填补。
3) 半科技词汇(Semi- ST Terms)
The operation is carried out under a general anaesthetic.
该手术是在全身麻醉情况下实施的。
Each element defines the configuration of an operation in the service.
每个元素定义服务中一个操作的配置。
Concentration
There's been too much concentration of power in the hands of central authorities.
权力一直过多地集中在中央机构手中。
Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the ions.
电极电位决定于离子浓度。
The determination of trace concentrations of mercury in minerals is described.
文章论述矿物中痕量汞的测定。
6）创新词语
Researchers found the heart emoji appeared billions of times a day across the world.
研究者们发现全世界每天会出现几十亿个心形表情符号。
We start with base money and then we'll have what's called M-1, which includes cheque accounts, demand deposits of banks ... and then M-2 which will include some savings deposits, some time deposits.
首先是基本货币供应量，其次是所谓的M-1，货币供应量一，包括支票帐户、银行的活期存款等等。然后是货币供应量二，包括一些活期储蓄帐户和定期存款。
1) 大量的名词化结构（More Nominalization）
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理．
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
(1) 用这种方法测试机器会损失一些功率。
The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power.
(2) 在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠(sodium carbonate)会增加杀菌效果。
The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.
(3) 滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦会大幅减少摩擦力。
The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction.
工程设计质量管理探索及实践
Exploration and Practice in the Quality Management of Engineering Design
低渗透气藏气井的生产规律研究
A Study of the Production Rules of the Gas Wells in Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs
1. 影响销售额的统计分析
Statistic analysis of influential factors on sales
2. 对高校人力资源开发利用的几点思考
Several thoughts on developing and using human resources in colleges and universities
3. 语言和与语言相关的学科的相互交叉研究
An interacting study between language and language-related disciplines
4. 质量管理和设计质量考核量化研究
A Quantative Study on the Design Quality Management and Assessment
5. 学习困难学生的学习动机及教学策略心理学研究
A Psychological Research on Learning Motivation and Teaching Strategies for Poor Students
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构：
1) 介词短语
Documents for the World Wide Web are written in HTML.
万维网的文档是用HTML(超文本标记语言) 编写而成的。
The shape of the electron spectrum in beta decay is not dominated by properties of the matrix element.
β衰变的电子谱的形状不取决于矩阵元的性质。
液体的压力与容器壁垂直。
Pressure in a liquid is at right angles to the walls of container.
2) 形容词及形容词短语
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible.
发动机转速不应超过所允许的最大数值。
形容词后置定语
英语中，少数形容词作定语时，须放在被修饰的词之后，可分为如下几种情况：
1）一些前缀a-构成的形容词：
2) 以-able 或-ible 后缀结尾的形容词
3）形容词修饰不定代词，该形容词要后置
4) 形容词与all, only, every等词或形容词最高级连用修饰名词时
该公司已开发出了适合于这项技术的软件。
The company has developed software adaptable to this technique.
In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.
热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
成长为整个生物体所需的全部信息都存在于一个细胞内。
All of the information necessary to build a whole organism resides within a single cell.
没有足以克服阻力的力，静止的物体绝不会运动。
Without forces sufficient to overcome the resistance, bodies at rest will never move.
翻译练习
We ’ll do everything possible to improve the supply of electricity.
1. 我们将尽一切努力来改善电力供应。
The gear teeth should have the strength sufficient to operate.
2. 齿轮的齿必须具备足够的运转强度。
Scientists have found a method of measurement suitable for coastal areas.
3. 科学家们已经找到了一种适合沿海地区的测量方法。
分词后置定语
1）当强调动作，表示“一时一事”时，分词放在名词后较多。
2) 名词前有only ，very ，the first，the last等词或有形容词最高级时，分词放在名词后
3）如果被修饰的词不定代词或指示代词those 等时，分词要放在被修饰的词的后面。
4) 有时单个分词放在名词前或后，意义有很大的区别
We agreed to meet at a given time and place.
我们同意在规定的时间和地点见面。
Fill in each of the blanks with the proper form of the verb given.
用所给动词的适当形式填空。
A direct current (DC) is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
The car will be guided by a differential GPS system that corrects errors arising in global positioning satellite signals。
这款汽车将由一个特异的GPS 系统来导航，该系统能够纠正全球定位卫星信号出现的错误。
一些对决定最终净收益数额会有影响的项目，则可能与企业的主要经营无关。
Some business items affecting the determination of a final net income amount may not relate to the primary operating activity of the business.
翻译下列句子
1. The results obtained must be checked.
1. 获得的结果必须加以校核。
2. The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
2. 产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
3. Accounting is an information system necessitated by the great complexity of modern business.
3. 会计是现代商业巨大复杂性所必须的信息系统。
4. 在价值链的任何一点上所作出的决策都会在以后的每一点上发生影响。
4. Decision made at any point of the value chain can have an impact on every subsequent point.
5. 光所产生的颜色感觉完全是由产生光的波长所决定的。
5. The color sensation produced by light depends simply on the length of wave producing the light.
Any claim by the buyers regarding the goods shipped shall be filed within15 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination specified in the relative Bill of Lading and supported by a survey report issued by the notary authority approved by the seller.
买方对于装运货物的任何索赔, 必须于货到提单规定的目的地15天内提出, 并须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具的检验报告。
4) 不定式短语后置定语
The best way to achieve this is by using existing internet standards.
实现这一点的最佳方法就是使用现有的因特网语言标准。
世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。
The tropical parts in the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources.
Numerical control machines are most useful when quantities of products to be produced are low or medium.
少量或中量地生产产品时, 数控机是极为有用的。
There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions is to replace conventional diesel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels.
人们逐渐认识到实现车辆尾气排放更进一步减少的唯一有效方法是用燃烧更为清洁的燃料代替传统的柴油和汽油。
翻译下列句子
Flame-spraying is the most versatile way to apply hard-surface coatings.
1. 火焰喷射法是涂硬表层的最常用方法。
A good oil storage to be found at a reasonable depth would rarely happen to the “black gold ” industry.
2. “黑金”行业在合理的深度发现不错的油藏的光景将很难出现了。
3. 通常这种电压用于负载时不必先滤波。
Usually there is no necessity to filter this voltage before applying it to the load.
4. 下表所列数字充分说明汽车尾气的危害。
The figures to be listed in the following table will fully demonstrate the hazard from automobile exhaust.
5）定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
定语从句翻译练习
1. 技术力图为科学所发现的新思想找到应用。
1. Technology tries to find applications for new ideas which science discovers.
2. 光的频率高于无线电波和微波，这就使它具有更大的信息运载能力。
2. Light has a higher frequency than radio waves or microwaves, which gives it a greater information carrying capacity.
3. 在每一块磁铁的周围都有一个磁力作用的区域。
3. Surrounding every magnet there is a region where magnetic forces act.
4. 在电还没有被发现的年代里，人们不知道有导体和绝缘体。
4. In those years when electricity had not been discovered, people knew nothing of conductors and insulators.
5. Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market.
5. 石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。
6. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs.
6. 储层矿物学的详细知识可以(帮助我们) 估计出在埋藏过程中孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。
1) 往往使用分词短语代替状语从句；
由于结构特殊，这些化合物具有一个特殊性质。
Being special in structure, these compounds have a special property.
Knowing the strength, it is possible to work backward and determine what factor of safety was used.
由于知道其强度，便可以反过来求出所用的安全系数值。
热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
当照在不透明的物体上时，光或是被吸收或是被反射。
Striking an opaque object, the light is either absorbed or reflected.
Sent out and meeting an obstacle, short waves are reflected.
短波发送出去，遇到障碍就反射回来。
电子一旦带电了，就会发生转移。
Charged, the electrons are transferred.
碳在氧或空气中燃烧，便形成了二氧化碳。
Carbon burns in oxygen or air, forming carbon dioxide.
使某种液体在冰箱的管子中循环，从而带走食物中的热量。
A liquid is made to circulate through the pipes in refrigerators, picking up heat from the food.
2) 使用分词独立结构代替状语从句
如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion.
振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave.
分词短语翻译练习
1. Applying the law that action and reaction are equal and opposite, we see that the forces acting on a loaded beam are similar to the forces applied in breaking a stick.
1. 如果应用作用力与反作用力大小相等方向相反这一定律，就可以知道，施加在负载横梁
上的力与用以折断木杖的力是相似的。
2. Designed to be earthquake-proof, the tunnel can move literally up and down.
2. 由于设计为防震, 这条隧道可以上下移动.
3. 中心计算机获得所有这些详情后，就能通过埋在道路下的电子装置将最佳路线提供给驾驶员。
3.Having obtained all these details, the central computer sends back to the driver via the buried electronic unit the best possible route.
4. 当搬运这台仪器时，除了床座之外，其它零件不要碰。
4. While carrying the instrument, don’t touch any parts but the bed.
3) 使用不定式短语
To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy.
传送电磁波需要能量。
To develop better mechanical properties is the purposes of many metal working processes. 获得更好的机械性能是对许多金属进行加工的目的。
将物体的温度和热量区分开来是必要的。
It is necessary to distinguish between the temperature of a body and its heat.
要把杂质从溶液中分离出来是不容易的。
It is difficult to remove impurities from solution.
本项目的目的是开发第二代综合决策支持系统。
The aim of this project is to develop a second generation integrated decision support system.
最好的方法是继续减少影响大气层的各种污染源。
The best solution is to continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmosphere. In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
To supplement its advertising effort, the company used a variety of sales-promotion techniques.
为了加强广告力度，该公司运用了大量的促销手段。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
不定式短语翻译练习
In every field, experts examine changes to understand the state of the field. To understand a country's economy, economists check growth in an industry such as steel. To understand the state of business, they may look at the number of building permits for new houses. The information learned shows increases or decreases. Important trends emerge in each field.
各个领域的专家都通过对变化的研究来了解该领域的状况。为了了解一个国家的经济状况，经济学家对某个行业—如钢铁业—的增长情况进行调查。为了了解行业的状况，他们可能会调查新房建造许可证的发放数量。得到的资料能显示出增长或减少的情况，各个领域的重要趋势就能体现出来。
4) 介词 + 动名词短语代替状语从句
该系统仅限于检验金属表面。
The system is restricted to examining the metal surface only.
若没有力作用于物体上，物体就不能移动。
A body cannot move without having a force to act upon it.
Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock.
最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。
水结冰时，并不收缩，而是膨胀。
On freezing, water does not contract, but instead it expands.
将所有的电路元件在制成之后都连结在一起。
All of its circuit elements are bonded together after being manufactured.
1. 计算机的作用不能只限于帮助解决数学问题上。
1. The function of the computer is not limited to providing support in solving mathematical problems.
2. 他们在用合成橡胶代替天然橡胶方面取得了成功。
2. They succeeded in substituting a synthetic rubber for the natural rubber.
3. Electrolysis is the liberation of free elements from a liquid by passing an electric current through it.
3. 电解就是让电流通过液体，从而使游离元素从液体中分离出来的过程。
4. Offshore drilling is made possible by using huge quantities of gaseous nitrogen and oxygen to provide a livable atmosphere deep under water.
4. 用大量的氮气和氧气形成在深水中能够生活的环境，才有可能进行海底石油钻探。
3.5 Extensive use of the Passive Voice
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy (is called) capacitance. It is measured in farad.
公司登记机关核准注册资本和投资总额的调整。
The adjustment of registered capital or total investment shall be approved by the company registration authority.
根据纵向恒定不变的假设，我们可以得出第二个方程式。
The second equation is obtained from the assumption that the longitudinal deformation is constant.
如图5所示，微型计算机体积很小。
Microcomputers are very small in size, as is shown in Fig.5.
太阳的辐射能到达地球后就转化为热能，从而使大地暖和起来。
Falling on the earth, the radiant energy of the sun is changed into heat energy, and the earth is warmed.
具有相似结构的短语、从句及句子的并列使用称为平行结构。
The time-measuring devices had woolen puppets ①to beat a drum to announce a quarter, ②to ring a hand-bell to mark an hour, ③to hang out a plate to tell time every other hour, and ④to beat a large bell to mark the watches in the night.
这些计时装置使木偶①击鼓报刻，②摇铃报时， ③示牌报告子、丑、寅、卯等十二个时辰， ④击钲报更。
因此, 必须按照有关标准严格控制噪声。降低噪音的措施有：合理选用设计参数，提高制造精度，改变工艺和增加工序等。
Therefore, efforts must be made to strictly control noises in accordance with the standards concerned. The effective measures of reducing noises are as follows: selecting design parameters reasonably, raising machining precision, improving technology and increasing processes.
Board chairman is the legal representative of the joint venture, where the chairman is unable to perform his duties due to any special reason, the vice-chairman or another director may be appointed by the chairman as representative; where the chairman does not appoint specifically and can not perform his duties, the vice chairman shall perform the duties for him.
董事长是合营公司法定代表人。董事长因故不能履行其职责时，可临时授权副董事长或其他董事为代表。董事长未明确授权且不履行其职责的，由副董事长代理履行职责。
The liquidation committee shall exercise the following powers:
(1) convening the creditors meeting;
(2) working out the assets valuation price and calculation basis;
(3) formulating the liquidation program;
(4) recovering creditors’ rights and paying off debt;
(5) distributing the assets remaining.
清算委员会行使下列职权：
（1）召集债权人会议；
（2）提出财产作价和计算依据；
（3）制定清算方案；
（4）收回债权和清偿债务；
（5）分配剩余财产；
了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测 ① 哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用(cementation)而变差，②哪些地区孔隙度保持不 变，③哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用而提高。
Knowledge of the chemical compositions of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict ① where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, ② preserved in its original form, or ③ enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
本章主要研究油藏岩石的基本性质。主要讨论的性质有：（1）孔隙度—岩石中孔隙空间大小的量度;(2)渗透率—岩石中流体传导性能的量度；（3）流体饱和度—流体占总孔隙空间的量度。
This chapter deals with the fundamental properties of reservoir rocks. The properties discussed are (1) porosity – a measure of the void space in a rock; (2) permeability – a measure of the fluid transmissivity of a rock; and (3) fluid saturation – a measure of the gross void space occupied by a fluid.
The joint venture enacts the following bylaws through the board of directors:
(1) Regulations for workers;
(2) Labor and remuneration system;
(3) Systems of attendants, promotion, rewards and punishments of workers;
(4) Workers’ welfare system;
(5) Financial system.
合营公司通过董事会制定下列规章制度：
(1) 职工守则；
(2) 劳动工资制度；
(3) 职工考勤、升级与奖惩制度；
(4) 职工福利制度；
(5) 财务制度。
3.8 More Longer Sentences
A typical warehouse or distribution center will receive stock of a variety of products from suppliers and store these until the receipt of orders from customers, whether individual buyers (e.g. mail order), retail branches (e.g. chain stores), or other companies (e.g. wholesales).
不管客户是个体买家（如邮购）、零售分店（如连锁店）或其他公司（如批发商），一个典型的仓库或配送中心，在收到客户订单之前，会从供应商处接受各种产品并把它们存储起来。
Any unilateral measure taken under Article 3 of the MFA (Multi-Fibre Arrangement) prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement may remain in effect for the duration specified therein, but not exceeding 12 months, if it has been reviewed by the Textiles Surveillance Body (referred to in this Agreement as the “TSB ”) established under the MFA.
在WTO 协议生效之日前，依据MFA （多种纤维协定）第3条已采取的任何单方措施，如已经MFA 下设立的纺织品监管机构（以下简称“TSB ”）审议，可在规定的期限继续有效，但不得超过12个月。
In this way the distinction between heavy current electrical engineering and light current electrical engineering can be said to have disappeared but we still have the conceptual difference in that in power engineering the primary concern is to transport energy between distant points in space, while with communications systems the primary objective is to convey, extract and process information, in which process considerable amounts of power may be consumed.
在这一方面，强电工程和弱电工程之间的区别可以说已经消失了，但是我们仍旧认为它们在概念上有所不同，因为电力工程的主要任务是在空间相距较远的各地之间输送能量，而通信系统的主要目的则是传递，提取和处理信息，尽管在这个过程中或许消耗相当多的电力。