浅析动名词和动词不定式作宾语的异同
摘要: 动名词和动词不定式是英语学习的难点之一,也是高考、
大学英语等级考试等的重点内容之一。本文着重介绍动名词和不定
式做宾语的五种基本情况,比较两者做宾语时结构和意义的异同,
以帮助英语学习者快速准确掌握。
关键词: 动名词 动词不定式 宾语 非谓语动词
英语中作为非谓语动词的动名词和不定式都可以作宾语,但究竟
什么情况该用动名词?什么情况用动词不定式?两者都可以用时,
意义有无区别?这些问题一直困扰英语学习者。笔者认为,只要准
确掌握了下面五种情况,解决了这五个问题,上述困扰就会迎刃而
解。
问题一:哪些动词后面既可以接动名词,又可以接不定式作宾语,
且意义无甚差别或者差别不大?
这类动词常用的有:advise,attempt,begin,can’t bear,cease,
choose,commence,consider,continue,dread,hate,intend,
like,love,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,propose,start等。
如:
xiao wang’s parents planned taking/to take a holiday abroad.
小王的爸妈打算去国外度假。
they start working / to work at eight every morning.他们
每天8点上班。
he neglected locking /to lock the door.他忘了锁门了。
问题二:哪些动词后面只能接动名词?
只能接动名词作宾语的常用动词有:admit,acknowledge,
advocate,anticipate,appreciate,approve,avoid,catch,
consider,contemplate,can’t help,defer,delay,deny,detest,
despise,endure,ensure,enjoy,escape,evade,excuse,
facilitate,fancy,favour,feel like,finish,forgive,give
up,grudge,imagine,include,involve,keep(on),leave off,
loathe,mention,mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,
put off,recall,recollect,resent,resist,resume,risk,
save,stand(忍受),stop,suggest,understand等。如:
he enjoys playing games in the net but dislikes reading
novels.他热衷于在网上打游戏却不喜欢看小说。
they told me that he had given up smoking.他们告诉我他已
经戒烟了。
the boy admitted being careless.这孩子承认他太粗心了。
i went into the garden and washed my hands in the basin to
save going upstairs.我走进花园,在盆里洗了手,省得上楼一趟。
she didn’t at all fancy roaming in the street at such late
hours.她压根儿就不愿意那么晚了还在街上闲逛。
all the same she couldn’t resist moving his paper a fraction
to one side so that she could watch the tv show at the other
end of the room.尽管如此,她还是忍不住把脸前的报纸往旁边挪
动一些,这样就可以看到房间另一头的电视剧了。
still,we can’t help wondering who and what have brought
on these deaths.但是,我们仍然要问,是谁,是什么造成了这些
死亡事件的呢?
问题三:哪些动词后面只能接不定式?
专门接不定式作宾语的常用动词是:afford,agree,apply,
arrange,ask,care,choose,claim,consent,dare,decide,
decline(谢绝),demand,desire,determine,endeavour(尽力),
expect,guarantee,hope,long,manage,offer,pledge(保证),
prepare,pretend,profess(假装),promise,refuse,resolve,
seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,
wish等。如:
in those days they couldn’t afford to buy a car.那时,他
们没钱买车。
i may claim to have learned 8,000 english words.我可以说,
我已经学会了8,000个英语单词。
the tv star pretended to have been the victim of the threats.
电视明星佯称,他曾深受威胁之害。
i didn’t expect to find him here.我没有想到会在这里看到
他。
they could hardly hope to get there before seven.他们没有
多大希望七点前能到达。
the children in the remote countryside wished to continue
the school.偏远乡村的孩子们希望能继续上学。
they expect to have been admitted into the club by the end
of the year.他们预计,到年底就可以被吸收为俱乐部会员了。
这些词大部分可接that引导的从句替换动词不定式。如:
i decided to ask for my book back.
i decided that i would ask for my book back.
我决定要回我的书。
i meant to have given you the magazine this morning,but i
forgot to bring it here.
i meant that i had given you the magazine this morning,
but i forgot to bring it here.
我本来想今天早晨给你那本杂志的,但我忘记带来了。
when our visit to the corporation was over,we expected to
start back on foot.
when our visit to the corporation was over,we expected that
we would start back on foot.
参观完公司之后,我们想步行回去。
问题四:哪些动词后面接动名词或不定式做宾语意义或结构完全
不同?
这个问题又可分为三个层次进行掌握:
(1)有些动词如mean,stop,try后接动名词或不定式做宾语时,
其意义完全不同。如:
your plan would mean cost money.你的计划意味着费钱。
i didn’t mean to make you unhappy.我没打算惹你不高兴。
(2)forget,regret,remember后接动名词或不定式时表示动作
发生的时间完全不同。如:
i remember writing the email.我记得我写了那封电子邮件。
please remember to write an email to me.请记住给我写封电
子邮件。
(3)有些动词如:demand,deserve,need,require,want等,
后接动名词或不定式作宾语时,动名词或不定式使用的语态不同。
这类动词之后接不定式须用被动形式,而接动名词则用主动形式便
可表示被动意义。例如:
this document needs signing by the manager.(=this document
needs to be signed by the manager.)这份文件需要由经理签字。
the house wants repainting.(=the house wants to be
repainted.)这幢房子要重新刷漆。
the car requires fixing.(=the car requires to be fixed.)
这车需要修理。
问题五:不定式可否做介词的宾语?
动名词因为其名词特性比较强,作介词宾语非常普遍。如:
instead of keeping quiet,the patient makes too loud noise.
这个病人非但没有安安静静,反而弄得噪音很大。
we must try to prevent the truck from being overloaded.我
们必须设法阻止卡车超载。
the farmers are looking forward to building a permanent home
for them.农民们正盼着建设一个永久的家园。
而介词一般不用动词不定式不做宾语,但besides,but,except
例外。
they had no choice but to give up.他们别无选择,只得放弃。
he seldom phones his parents except to ask for money.他除
了向父母要钱外,很少打电话。
she had nothing to do but(to)chat in the net all the night.
她整个晚上除了在网上聊天啥也不做。