被动语态的几种特殊用法
(1)主动形式表示被动意义
1)常见的这类动词有：“act，add up，clean，compare，count，cook，draw，fill，iron，keep，let，look，make up，milk，kill，open，photograph，prove，read，sell，smoke，spoil”等。
The window won’t open．(这扇窗户打不开。)
The cow milks well．(这头牛出奶率很高。)
Damp wood will not fire．(湿木不易燃烧。)
She doesn’t photograph well．(她不上相。)
His judgment proved wrong．(他的判断是错的。)
The banana peels easily．(香蕉皮剥起来很容易。)
Flies kill easily in autumn．(秋天苍蝇容易死亡。)
It turned out fine that day．(结果那天天气很好。)
How did his coat catch on a nail? (他的衣服怎么钩到钉子上了?)
2)实用动词“need／want／deserve／require +V-ing(动名词)”形式表示被动意义。
My hair needs cutting。．
The bike wants repairing．
It doesn’t deserve mentioning．
Hamlet is required reading for the course．(《哈姆雷特》为本课程指定读物。)
3)一些固定句型如："be worth doing sth． have/get sth．(sb.)done"，以及to be under(in)+抽象名词等表示被动意义：
Beijing is a big city in China and worth visiting．(北京是中国的一个大城市，值得浏览。)
Mr.．Wilson had his wallet stolen the day before yesterday．(威尔逊先生前天丢了一个钱包)。
The bike is under(in)repair．(自行车正在修理中。)
This tape recorder is in use．(这种录音机正在使用中。)
4)一些不定式的主动态表示被动意义：
①There be句型：
There are a lot of things to do．
There is nothing to worry about．
②不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，而句中的主语同时又不是不定式的逻辑主语时：
I want some clothes to wash．
Do you have anything to say for yourself?
③不定式修饰buy，get，give等动词的直接宾语，而句中的间接宾语又是不定式的逻辑主语时：
His sister gave him a bike to ride．
My father get me a book to read．
5)少数动词的进行时，有时表示被动意义：
Her works are printing．
The drum is beating．
My new house is building．
(2)“It is+V-ed+that-??"结构表示被动
常用的这类结构有：“it is said that…”(据说)；It is supposed that…(据推测)；It is well known that"…(众所周知)；It is believed that"…(据信)；It is reported that"…(据报导)；It is hoped that"…(人们希望)；It is generally considered that"…(有人认为)；1twill be seen that"…(由此可以看出)；It must be admitted that…(必须承认)；It must be pointed out that…(必须指出)”等。
It is believed／thought that this medicine works well．
It is required(of)him that he give the evidence．(要求我提供证据)
It is feared that he could not come here．
It is estimated that a flight to Shanghai would take more than one hour． It is often realized that women held a high social position in the Southern European societies in the 10th and llth centuries．
(3) “get + p.p.(动词的过去分词)"表示被动：
这种结构往往用来强调动作的结果，也可用来表示突然发生的事态，或最终出现的某种事实，是一种非正式语体。
Did the question get answered?
A Boeing 747 g
ot crashed last week．
The house is getting painted／repaired．
The building got damaged in the flood．
Thousands of soldiers got killed in the war．
As I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail．
[注]在下列句子中，不能使用“get + p.p. (动词的过去分词)”结构。
误：He got born in 1976．
正：He was born in 1976．
误：The stow got written by him．
正：The story Was writ．ten by him．
误：The conference got being held in London．
正：The conference is being held in London．
(4) 注意以下被动语态的几种情况
1)短语动词变为被动语态后，其后的介词或副词应紧随其后。
Frank was brought up by his aunt．
The babies are well looked after．
The meeting Was put off．
The salesman was put out by Mr.．Wilson’s question．
(威尔逊先生的问题把那位售货员惹火了。)
2)“Verb+宾语+宾补”变为被动语态后，宾语转化为主语，宾补转化为主补。 The wall Was painted white．(We painted the wal1 white．)
He is regarded as smart (We regarded him as smart．)
The house was found empty．(We found the house empty．)
He Was heard to play the guitar in the next door．
(I heard him play the guitar in the next door)
浅析动词被动语态的几种特殊用法
重庆 / 谢仕芳
一、短语动词（“动词＋介词 / 副词”、“动词＋副词＋介词”），如： look after, laugh at, operate on, bring out, give up, put off, do away with, make up for, look down upon 等作谓语，变被动语态时，要把它们看作一个整体，其中的介词或副词不能漏掉。例如：
1. We look after the baby carefully.
我们小心地照看着婴儿。
The baby is looked after carefully.
2. The doctor operated on him at once.
医生立刻给他动了手术。
He was operated on at once.
二、感官动词（ see, watch, notice, hear, feel 等）和使役动词（ let, make, have 等）用在主动句中，要求后面接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，但变被动语态时，要加上 to 。因为此时原宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。例如：
3. I saw the boy play in the street.
我看见那个男孩在街上玩。
The boy was seen to play in the street.
4. She made me stand for 45 minutes.
她让我站了 45 分钟。
I was made to stand for 45 minutes.
三、带双宾语的句子变被动语态时，如果“直宾”作主语，通常要在“间宾”前加 to ，但当谓语动词为 make, mend, buy, pay, get, sing, cook, fetch, spare, find 等时，要在“间宾”前加 for 。例如：
5. They pass me a letter.
他们递给我一封信。
A letter is passed to me.
6. The mother bought her daughter a gift.
那位母亲给她女儿买了一件礼物。
A gift was bought for her daughter.
四、带复合宾语（宾语＋宾语补足语）的句子，即宾语和宾语补足语都是名词或代词充当的句子，变被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾补保留在谓语后面。例如：
7. They call the girl Lucy.
他们叫那个女孩露茜。
The girl is called Lucy.
五、当 anybody, anything 等不定代词作主动式否定句的宾语时，变被动语态时，应将其变为 nobody, nothing 作被动句的主语，而把被动句的谓语动词变为肯定形式。例如：
8. He hasn't eaten anything until this morning.
到今天早上为止他什么都没吃。
Nothing has been eaten until this morning.
六、有些动词和动词短语是没有被动形式的，也不可用其过去分词作后置定语，如 arrive, die, become, disappear, happen, take place, break out, belong to 等。例如：
9. The American Civil War broke out in 1861.
在 1861 年美国内战爆发了。
10. The accident which took place last week surprised us.
上星期发生的事件使我们很惊讶。
七、当谓语动词为 say, report, think, believe, expect, know, consider, suppose 等的句子变被动语态时，有两种形式：
A. 用 it 作形式主语，而真正的主语用从句的形式来表达，句型为： It is said / reported / supposed / believed that „（据说 / 据报道 / 据推测 / 有人相信„„）。例如：
11. People say that he is a doctor. → It is said that he is a doctor. 据说他是个医生。
B. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。例如：
12. People say that he is a doctor. → He is said to be a doctor.
八、主动形式表被动意义的几种情况。
A. 一些及物动词，如 read, act, write, feel, sell, wear, wash, open, shout, clean, cook, keep, play, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, allow, run, record, begin 等，在主语是物的句子里时，常用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
13. The story-book sells well.
这本故事书很畅销。
14. This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔很好用。
15. The machine runs well.
机器运转良好。
B. 一些表示状态特征的连系动词或一些感官动词，如 look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear 等充当系动词时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
16. The roses smell sweet.
玫瑰花闻起来很香。
17. Good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
C. 动词不定式前有形容词 light, heavy, easy, difficult, expensive, fit, nice, interesting, dangerous, bitter 等，且与句子主语构成动宾关系时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
18. The old man is difficult to deal with.
那个老人很难应付。
19. The telephone number “ 119 ” is easy to remember.
电话号码 119 很好记。
D. 在“ This / That is + 名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
20. This is a hard question to answer.
这是个很难回答的问题。
21. That is a nice place to visit.
那是个值得参观的好地方。
E. 作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语在句中作主语或宾语时，用主动形式表被动意义。例如：
22. I have a lot of work to do.
我今天有很多工作要做。 被动语态的特殊用法
一、主动形式表示被动意义。
主动形式表示被动意义有以下几种情况：
1．在句型“sth.＋link v.＋adj.”中，如look, sound, smell, taste 和feel这五个连系动词用主动形式表示“某物给人某种感觉”。例如：
This kind of cloth feels smooth and looks nice. 这种布料摸起来光滑，看起来很漂亮。
2．在句型“sth.＋vi.＋adv.”中，象wish, sell, write, lock, open, close, last 等不及物动词，用主动形式表示某物的某种属性。例如：
This kind of cloth washes easily and sells well. 这种布料容易洗，好卖。
3．在“adj.＋to do”结构中，作状语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。例如： The water is unfit to drink. 这水不宜饮用。
I found his house easy to find. 我发觉他的房子很容易找到。
4．在“have / want / need sth. to do”结构中，作定语的不定式用主动形式示被动意义。例如：
Do you have anything to say for yourself. 你有什么话要替自己说吗？
I want something to eat. 我想吃点东西。
I need some water to drink. 我需要喝点水。
注意：动词have后面的不定式也可以用被动形式，此时，不定式的动作的执行者，往往是别人而不是句子中的主语。例如：
I’m going to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought?
我要去北京，你有什么东西要(我)买吗？
I have a child to be looked after. 我有个小孩要人照看。
试比较：
I have a child to look after. 有个小孩要我照看。
5．在句型“give / buy , / lend / get sb. sth. to do”中，作定语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
I’m hungry. Can you give me something to eat？我饿了，请给我点吃的好吗？ She offered to lend me some books to read. 他提出借些书我看。
6．在句型“there is sth. to do”中，作定语的不定式既可以用主动形式表示被动意义，也可以用波动形式。例如：
As there was nothing else to do / to be done, we left there.
由于没有别的事可做，我们离开了那儿。
There are a number of problems to deal with / to be dealt with. 有很多问题要处理。
7．在“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”独立主格结构中，作宾补的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义（主语是不定式动作执行者）。例如：
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly－elected president is having a hard time.
由于有很多问题要解决，新选的总统日子不好过。
8．在“be to blame (for„)”结构中，作表语的不定式用主动形式表示“应该受到责备或谴责”。例如：
Who is to blame for it？这事该怪谁呢？
The driver is to blame for the accident. 司机应该对事故负责。
9．在表示“需要”的动词need, want, require之后，作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The teaching plan requires further discussing. 教学计划需要进一步讨论。 The machine needs repairing. 这个机器需要修理。
10．在“be worth doing”结构中，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。例如： The movie is worth seeing twice. 这部影片值得看两遍。
11．在表示“应得、应受”的动词deserve 之后作宾语，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The boy deserved beating. 这个孩子该打。
一.何时使用被动语态
英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态:。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者时使用被动语态
例句
How is this word pronounced? 这个单词怎么发音?
Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。
After war,everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。
A greater number of magic English books will be published next year.
明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。
2.强调动作的承受者时使用被动语态
例句
If you break the school rules，you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。
A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。 She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。
Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。
3.当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时使用被动语态
例句
The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。
We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。
Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。
4.修辞的需要，使用被动语态可以使句子更加简练、匀称
例句
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。
The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。
I was shown round the school campus by Sean，who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。
5.为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己时使用被动语态
例句
You’ve been told many times not to make the same mistake.你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。
The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿人控制室。
6.科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程时应使用被动语态
例句
The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。
7.在新闻报道中使用被动语态可以体现新闻的客观性
例句
The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation’s west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。
8.有些动词习惯上常用被动语态
例句
He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。
The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。
常用于被动语态的动词有
born（出生）、 situate（坐落于）、 build（建造）、break（打破）、publish（出版）等。
二.使用被动语态时的主意事项
1.“get+过去分词”结构也可以表被动
例句
The boy got hurt on his way to school. 这个男孩在上学的路上受伤了。
These cleaners got paid by the month. 清洁工人按月拿工资。
He got caught in the heavy rain on his way home. 在回家的路上他被困在大雨中了。 类似短语
get burnt（着火）、get killed（被杀）、get hurt（受伤）、get lost（迷路）
get dressed（穿衣服）、get changed（变化）、get married（结婚）、get washed（洗）等。
2.有部分动词接双宾语，那么变为被动语态时也有两种形式。
例句
主动语态：I passed him a new book.我地给他一本书
被动语态：A new book was passed to him（by me）. 或 He was passed a new book（by me）.
可接双宾语的动词有
give（给）、hand（传给）、show（展示）、teach（教）、send（派遣）、pass（传递）等。
3.有些“动词+介词/副词”构成的固定动词短语，变为被动语态时要注意其完整性，不可分开。 例句
主动语态：We should take good care of the old and the children. 我们应该照顾好老人和小孩。
被动语态：The old and the children should be taken good care of.
4.有些由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词，其结构较松散，变成被动语态时也可以将名词和其后的介词拆开。
例句
主动语态：They make good use of the library. 他们充分利用图书馆。
被动语态：Good use is made of the library. 这个图书馆的利用率很高。
5.英语中，有些动词接不带to的不定式做宾补，但是当它们变为被动语态时，要把to加上去。 例句主动语态：The boss made them work twelve hours every day. 老板让他们每天工作十二小时。被动语态：They were made to work twelve hours every day.
可接不带to的不定式做宾补的动词有
let（让）、have（使）、see（看）、notice（注意）、watch（观看）、listen to（听） hear（听）、observe（观察）、feel（感觉）等。
三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。
The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。
The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。
3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：
The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。
其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有
It is reported that…据报道
It is said that…据说
It is believed that…大家相信
It is suggested that…有人建议
四、主动语态变为被动语态
转换图示：
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
注意：
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。
（3）将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去"by…"，但原主语被强调者除外。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。
The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。下列动词没有被动式：happen， cost，take，have
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.（ ）
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书畅销。
六、各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。 Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。 Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
6．过去完成时(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died. 他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。