被动语态
英语的两大语态： 主动语态和被动语态
A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。
B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者(动作的对象)。
被动语态的谓语构成: 助动词be＋动词过去分词
A.熟记结构
被动语态的结构为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p)”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为：
一般现在时：am/is/are+p.p.
一般过去时：was/were+p.p.
一般将来时：shall /will be +p.p.
现在完成时：have /has been +p.p.
现在进行时：am/is/are+being+p.p.
过去将来时：should /would be +p.p.
含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+be+p.p.例如：
① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.
A.speak
B.is speaking
C.speaks
D.is spoken
② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.
A.were told
B.is telling
C.was told
D.tells
③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.
A.must
B.must be
C.has
D.have
B.明确用法
被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者;
2.强调动作的承受者。例如：
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
The tree ______ ______ by that boy.
C.熟练转换
1.将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：
①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语;
②谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态;
③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)。
2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词+一般疑问句。例如：
① You must throw the broken pottery（陶器） away at once.
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同义句)
② Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)
Where ______ vegetables ______ ?
D.注意特例
将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：
1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变;
②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如：
① He told us a story.(变被动语态)
→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by him.
② Her mother gave her a new pen.(变被动语态)
A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.
2.短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：
① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the library.
A.take away
B.taken away
C.are taken away
D.be taken away
② She will take good care of the children.(变被动语态)
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).
3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如： Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(变被动语态)
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.
4.不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。例如：
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.
A.be building
B.build
C.be built
D.built
5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：
Who has broken the cup?(改为被动语态)
→By whom has the cup been broken?
E.注意区别（了解内容）
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：
1)含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
The window is broken.窗子破了。(系表结构)
The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。(被动语态)
2)用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：
He was very interested in science.他对科学有极大兴趣。(系表结构)
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to do.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(被动语态)
F.牢记(相关)句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：
1.be covered with被……覆盖
2.be made of由……制作(发生物理变化)
be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)
be made in由(某地)制造
be made by被(某人)制造
3.be used for被用来……
be used as被当作(作为)……来使用
be used to do sth.被用来做某事
4.It is said that...据说……
It is hoped that...希望……
It is well known that...众所周知……例如：
①—Your coat looks nice.Is it ______ cotton?
—Yes.It's______ Shanghai.
A.made of;made by
B.made of;made in
C.made for;made by
D.made for;made in
② This machine is used ______ the room wet.
A.for keeping
B.as keeping
C.keep
D.to keeping
③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.