★基础知识双向细目图★
★高考考试双向细目表★
★ 一对一互动研学 ★
I. 动词不定式
一、动词不定式的形式 1. 主动语态 一般式：to do 进行式：to be doing 完成式：to have done
完成进行式：to have been doing
2. 被动语态 一般式：to be done 完成式：to have been done 3. 否定形式：not/never to do
二. 不定式的用法
1. 做主语。不定式短语做主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。 如：To See is to believe.
It is right to give up smoking.
2. 作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。 如：He wanted to go.
I find it interesting to study history.
有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，而不跟动名词常用动词不定式作宾语的及物动词：
want想要 wish希望 like喜欢
decide决定 help帮助 pledge保证 begin开始 forget忘记 learn学习
ask要求 agree同意 afford担负得起 arrange安排 care在意 decide决定
determine决定fail失败 guarantee保证 hesitate犹豫 hope希望 hurry赶快
manage设法 offer提出 pretend假装 promise答应 seek追求 prepare准备
refuse拒绝 swear发誓
I don't want to see him again. 我不想再见到他。 We have decided not to go. 我们决定不去了。
He swore to speak the truth. 他发誓要说实话。
注意：不定式可作介词but. except, than的宾语或用在句型be a bout to do sth中。
He desires nothing but to go home. 他只想回家。
They have nothing to go except to wander about in the streets. 他们无事可做，只是在街上到处逛。
She thought of no other way out than to cheat. 除了欺骗外，她想不出别的办法。
They are about to start. 他们即将动身。
但动词不定式在介词but(表“除了”)后面时，如果其有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，其后的不定式不带to，否则要带to，另外，在can't choose but和can't help but等后面的不定式也省略to。 如：She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
3. 作表语。
My job is to help the patient. 用法4注意：
①主语中含有do时，作表语的不定式可省略。如：
What he wanted to do was (to) become a skillful worker. 他的愿望是要做个技术熟练的工人。
②be+动词不定式，为一种习惯用法，用来表示约定、义务、命运、可能性、命令等意思。如：
He and I are to meet at the station at two o'clock. [表约定]他和我约定两点钟在车站见面。
You are to pay your debt. [表义务] 你应该付你的欠债。
③“be+动词不定式”用于第一人称疑问句时，表示征求、请教对方的意思、如：
What am I to do?
=What do you want me to do? 我该做什么? ④seem, appear, prove, turn out„(to be)„ He seems to be ill
＝It seems that he is ill. 他似乎生病了。 The man turned out (to be)an impostor. ＝It turned out that the man was an impostor. 这人竟是个骗子。
4. 作宾语补足语。
He asked me to work with him.
①下列动词常接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 即vt. +sb. +to do结构。 如：
ask要求 allow允许 advise劝告 cause造成 command命令 compel迫使
enable使„„能 encourage鼓励 forbid禁止force强迫 get使 instruct教导
invite邀请 oblige迫使 order命令permit允许 persuade说服press压迫
remind想起 request请求 recommend推荐teach教 tell告诉 tempt企图
urge催促 warn警告 beg乞求command要求 expect期望 prefer宁愿want想要 wish希望
The doctor advised him to take a good rest. 大夫劝他好好休息。
I expect you to write to me. 我盼望你给我来信。 He urged me to study French. 他催促我学法文。 They warned me not to go this way. 他们警告我不要走这条路。
②下列动词ask， beg， choose， dare， desire， expect， hate， help， intend， like， love， mean， prefer， wish， promise， trouble， want等可以用于：
A. vt. +sb. +to do B. vt. +to do，如：
They asked to come in. 他们请求进来。 They asked us to come in. 他们要我们进来。 The boy begged to go. 这个男孩请求要去。 The boy begged me to go. 这个男孩请求我去。 I expected to meet him. 我想见他。
I expected you to meet him. 我想要你见他。 She helped (to) push the car. 她帮忙推车子。 She helped him (to) push the car. 她帮他推车子。
③在feel， hear， notice， observe， see， watch， have， let， make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 如：
I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. 不定式作宾补省略to的巧记规则
不定式，作宾补，下列词后省略to： 四看、三使役，二听一感半帮助。 若是宾补变主补，to字一定要回府。
注：“四看”指see， watch， notice和look at；“三使役”指have， let， make;“二听”指hear， listen to；“一感”时feel；“半帮助”指动词不定式作help的宾语补足语时可省去to也可不省去to。在原宾语补足语变为主语补足语时，要把to恢复。
5. 作定语
①逻辑主谓关系：被修饰的词与不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系。 He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个来的客人。 I am the only man to hear the news. 唯有我听到这个消息。 注意：此时的不定式相当于一个定语从句。如： You are the right person to do the job. =You are the right person that can do the job. 你是做这项工作合适的人选。
②逻辑动宾关系：被修饰词与不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系，即被修饰词是不定式的宾语。
I have a lot of problems to solve. 我有很多问题要解决。
Would you like something to drink? 你想喝点什么?
注意：在逻辑动宾关系中，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后应有相关介词。
Maria is a pleasant person to work with. 和玛丽娅一起工作真愉快。
Jazz is exciting music to listen to. 爵士乐是听起来令人激动的音乐。 He has no house to live in.
③偏正关系：被修饰词与不定式有种偏正关系，即不定式起说明的作用。如在ability， tendency， resolution， determination， ambition， attempt， desire， effort， failure， refusal， promise等词后，只能接不定式，语。He has no ability to translate the novel. ④不定式表将来
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
⑤用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all， any等限定的中心词。 He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
6. 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。 (1)作目的状语
We started early to avoid being late. 我们一早就动身免得迟到。
I came to hear the report. 我是来听报告的。
注意：为加强语气，可以在不定式前加上in order或so as to，但so as to不能放在句首。
I came in order to hear the report. 我来是为了听报告。 I started early so as to get there before supper time. 我一早就动身以便在晚饭前到达那里。
In order to appreciate poetry, you should read it aloud. 为了要欣赏诗歌，应该高声朗诵。 (2)作结果状语
He grew up to be a famous scholar.
＝When he grew up，he became a famous scholar. 他长大的时候成了有名的学者。
I opened the door to find the room empty. ＝I opened the door and found the room empty. 我打开门，结果发现房间是空的。
注意：①不定式前可加上only，表示“不料”“想不到”“令人失望”的结果；可加never表示“没有再„„”的结果。如： He worked hard only to fail. 他的努力却只有导致失败。
They parted, never to see each other again. 他们分手了，从此没有再见面。
②不定式短语作结果状语的其他几种方式。如：
“so + adj. /adv. + as to”，“such+n. +as to”，“too„to”等。如： He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighbors. 他非常友好，总是帮助他的邻居。
His story is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy. 他的经历这么悲惨，引起了我们的同情。
The water is too dirty to drink. 水太脏，不能喝。 The room is big enough to hold us. 作原因状语
不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。
I am very glad to hear it.
The question is difficult to answer. 注意：动词不定式常表示推断的理由。 He must be a fool to say so. 他说这种话，一定是个傻瓜。
7. 作条件状语
To look at him, you would like him.
I should be happy to be of any service to you. =If I am of any service to you, I should be happy. 如果我能帮助你，我会非常高兴。
8. 作独立成分
To tell the truth, I have no money with me. 坦白地说，我身上没带钱。
Strange to say, his hair turned white during the night. 说也奇怪，他的头发一夜之间变白了。 注意：作独立成分的动词不定式(短语)： to tell the truth老实说，坦白说 ＝to speak the truth ＝to say the truth ＝to speak frankly ＝to speak sincerely ＝to be plain with you
＝to be frank with you ＝to confer the truth
to make a long story short简单地说 ＝to cut a long story short ＝to make the story short ＝to make short of a long story ＝to sum up ＝to be brief
(I am)glad to say说来很高兴 (I am)sorry to say说来很难过 (It is)sad to say说来很可悲 (It is)needless to say不用说 (It is)strange to say说也奇怪 to begin(or start)with首先是 to be sure的确，当然
to pass to another subject换个话题 to say nothing of更不用说 ＝not to speak of ＝not to mention ＝not alone
to make matters(or things)worse更糟的是
to return to the subject(or our muttons)言归正传 ＝to take(or pick)up the thread of the story
＝to resume the thread of the story(or one's discourse)
9. 不定式与疑问词who， which， when， where， how， what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语或宾语等。
如：He didn't know what to say. (宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important(主语)
注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。
如：Why not have a rest?
10. 不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式
①不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：
Have you got a key to unlock the door?
②不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，也和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。
如：
I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)
I know what to do，(I do what.)
但下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：
I know what is to be done.
这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。 如：
He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)
The book is difficult to understand. (to understand the book)
④在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 如：
There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：
There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done(某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)
11. 常用不带to的不定式结构
had better do sth. 最好做某事
would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事
cannot but do sth. 只好做某事
can do nothing but do sth. 只好做某事
have nothing to do but do sth. 只能做某事
Why do sth. ? 为什么做某事?
why not do sth. ? 为什么不做某事?
其它动词不定式的省略见词法中省略部分
三、不定式的逻辑主语
1. 逻辑主语是句中的某个代词或名词
I will have a lot of work to do this Sunday.
本周日我将有很多工作要做。(to do的逻辑主语是I)
My father promised to take me to the seaside.
父亲答应带我去海滨。
(to take的逻辑主语是my father)
2. 由for引出不定式的逻辑主语
It won't be easy for you to find a new job.
对你来说，找一份新工作不容易。(“for sb. +不定式”结构作主语) There's no reason for us to doubt his words.
我们没有理由怀疑他的话。
(“for sb. +不定式”结构作定语，修饰reason)
3. 由of引出不定式的逻辑主语
描述主语性质、身份、特征的形容词时后常用of引导不定式的逻辑主语。此类形容词常见的有kind, nice, good, polite, impolite, rude, patient, careful, careless, wise, clever, selfish, unselfish等。
It was kind of you to help us. ＝You are kind to help us. 难得你好心帮助我们。
It was silly of you to trust such a man. ＝You are silly to trust such a man. 你太愚蠢竟然相信这样一个人。
四. 动词不定式的时态
1．动词不定式的一般式
(1)表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作或状况。如：
He seems to be tired.
＝It seems that he is tired. 他似乎累了。
(2)表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作，这种用法的动词常用的有：promise, wish, hope, expect, plan, want, mean, intend等。如：
We expect him to come.
＝We expect that he will come. 我们希望他会来。
2. 动词不定式的完成式
(1)表示发生在主要动词之前的动作。如：
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
真对不起，给你带来这么多麻烦。
He seems to have been ill. 他似乎刚病过。
＝It seems that he was(or has been)ill.
He seemed to have been ill. 他似乎过去病过。
＝It seemed that he had been ill.
(2)表过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划。谓语动词常为下列动词：wished， hoped， intended， meant， expected， planned， promised， wanted， thought， desired， were， was， would like， should like等。如：
I wished to have bought a car， but I had no money.
我希望买部车，但我(当时)没有钱。
3. 动词不定式的进行式
(1) 表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生的动作。如：
Don’t pretend to be working hard. Just do what you should. 不要假装努力工作。做你该做的事。
I discovered him to be eating in the room.
我发现他在房间里吃东西。
(2) 表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作。如：
The old man seems to be dying. 这位老人似乎要死了。
五不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。
1. 不定式的被动语态通常表示将来动作。
The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to Europe. 在我们去欧洲之前，这辆车必须修理一下。
The press conference is to be held tomorrow.
新闻发布会明天举行。
2. 不定式的被动语态的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
The room seems to have been tidied up already.
这所房子似乎已经修理过了。
注意：to blame, to let(出租)，to do 作表语时，常以主动形式表被动的意思。
I am to blame (=to be blamed). 都是我不好。
Much remains to do (=to be blamed). 还有许多事要做。
This house is to let. 这所房子要出租。
3. 几个动词不定式的特殊句型，其中的不定式都用主动语态。如：
I have no chair to sit on. 我没有椅子可坐。
A black tie was the proper thing to wear.
黑领带是适合穿戴的。
She has a lot of letters to write. 她有许多信要写。
There are many beautiful animals to see (=worth seeing) in the zoo. 动物园里有很多美丽的动物值得一看。
The questions are hard to understand.
这些问题很难理解。
He is not easy to get along with. 他不易相处。
The apartment is large enough to live in.
这个公寓住着够大。
注意：若受表示程度的词如too„to所限制，或含必定、必然性之意，则可用被动语态表示被动意义。如：
He spoke in a voice too low to be heard.
他说话的声音太低，听不见。
He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年轻，不能送到美国去深造。
He is sure to be promoted. 他一定会升职。
巩固提升
例1．Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ________ everything.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. to be telling D. to have been told
D本题属于不定式作系动词表语的情况，根据本题语境由于母亲已被告知了一切，因此不定式既要采用完成式又要采用被动式，故选D。
例2．Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
B 本题属于不定式作系动词表语的情况，除了系动词be之外，其他系动词如appear， seem， remain， grow， come， prove等也可以接不定式作表语。由于it所代表的主语“whether they will enjoy it”是被看到，因此不定式要采用被动式。
例3．(2006·浙江)It remains ________ whether Jim'll be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen
C. seeing D. to see
B 题意为：吉姆是否适合参加决赛仍不得而知。it是形式主语，remain是系动词，to be seen是不定式作表语，see与it之间存在动宾关系，故用被动。
例4．(2007·北京)—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
—Just a minute I'll have Bob ________ you to your room.
A. show B. shows
C. to show D. showing
A 题意：“劳驾，先生，301房间在哪儿?”“稍等一下，我让鲍勃领你去房间。”have此处用作使役动词，意为“使，让”，常构成have sb. dosth. 结
构，表示“让某人做某事”，不定式前的to必须省略。若用现在分词作宾语补足语，则表示该动作正在发生。
例5．(2007·全国Ⅰ) —The last one ________ pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
C 题意：“最后来的付饭钱。”“同意!”当the first/last(one)等后需要用非谓语动词作定语且其间存在逻辑上的主谓关系时，往往用动词不定式而不用现在分词
例6．I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________.
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
B 在疑问句中出现了“购买”这一动作的发出者“you”，疑问句中的主语充当不定式的逻辑主语的情况下，to buy以主动语态的形式作anything的后置定语表示被动的含义，指将要被对方买的东西。不定
例7。(2007·上海春招)________ the safety of gas, the government has checked the city's gas supply system thoroughly.
A. To ensure B. Ensuring
C. Having ensured D. To have ensured
A 题意为：为确保煤气使用安全，政府已彻底检查了市区各煤气供应点。本题考查不定式的用法。在本句中不定式作目的状语，相当于In order to ensure the safety of gas„。
模块二十七 动名 词
★一对一教学起点
动名词
一、动名词的形式
1. 主动语态
一般式：doing 完成式：having + done
2. 被动语态
一般式：being + done
完成式：having been+过去分词
3. 否定式在这些形式前加not。
二、动名词的作用
1. 做主语
Swimming is good for the health. 游泳对健康有益。
主语用法四注意
①动名词做主语时常可以用形式主语it，把动名词短语移到句末。如在下面这些特殊结构中，常用it作形式主语：
It is a waste of time doing sth…
做„„是浪费时间。
It is no good/no use doing…
做„„是不好的/没用的。
It is hardly/scarcely worth doing…做„„不值得。
It is worth/worthwhile doing…做„„是值得的。如：
It is no good trying to explain. 试图解释是没有用的。
It's no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It is a waste of time doing such a thing.
做这种事情是浪费时间。
It is worth discussing the problem.
讨论这个问题是值得的。
②动名词做主语时常用于there be句型：
There is no…doing sth. 无法„„
There is no sense in doing sth. „„没有道理。
There is no use in doing sth. „„无用。
There is nothing worse than doing sth.
没有比„„更糟的。
There was no knowing where we would go.
我们不知道去哪里。
There is no point doing such a silly thing.
做这样一件傻事毫无意义。
注意：在There is no need to do sth. 句型中用动词不定式。如：
There is no need to tell him again.
③动名词做主语时，谓语动词要采用单数第三人称形式。
Talking mends no holes. 空谈无挤于事。
Nodding the head means agreement.
点头意味着同意。
2. 作宾语
We would appreciate hearing from you.
我们会珍视你的来信。
只能用动名词作宾语的动词有：
acknowledge承认，供认 avoid避免
admit承认 appreciate感激
complete完成 confess自认
consider认为 defend保护
delay耽搁 deny否认
enjoy喜欢 escape逃避
excuse宽恕 envy羡慕
fancy想象 finish完成
forgive原谅 imagine想象
involve牵涉 mind反对
miss错过 postpone延搁
pardon宽恕 practice练习
quit停止 recall回想
resent憎恶 resist抵抗
risk冒险 suggest提议
tolerate忍受 understand了解
advise建议，劝告 celebrate庆祝
mention提到
小窍门：跟动名词作宾语的动词巧记规则
“MP/4R/cafe/disk”即“宪兵带着4把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘”(把字母R想象成手枪)。注：
M 指: mind, miss, mention
P 指: prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice
4R 指: risk, resist, resent, resume
c 指: consider, contemplate
a 指: admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate;
f 指: face, fancy, finish;
e 指: excuse, enjoy, escape;
d 指: delay, defer, deny, dispute(不同意), detest(痛恨);
i 指: imagine, involve;
s 指: suggest;
k 指: keep。
3. 作介词宾语
He objected to going there. 他反对去那里。
I am tired of arguing with you all the time.
我讨厌老是和你争吵不休。
注意：注意下列短语中的to都是介词，所接动名词作宾语
be/get used to 习惯于„„ pay attention to 注意
look forward to 盼望 stick to 坚持
according to (根据)
accustom oneself to 使习惯于„„ reply to 回答
be accustomed to 习惯于„„ see to 注意
add to 增加 admit to 承认
mount to 等于 owing to 由于
apply oneself to 致力于„„ response to 回答
as to 关于 be addicted to 嗜好
be adjusted to 调整
devote oneself to=be devoted to 献身于„„
be equal to 等于 be faithful to 忠于
be familiar to 为„„所熟识 be opposed to 反对
be reduced to 减至„„状态 taka to 喜欢
be sentenced to 被判„„刑 with a view to 为了„„
come to 谈到 with an eye to 为了„„
dedicate oneself to 献身于„„
due to 由于 fall to 开始
get down to 开始
object to =have an objection to 反对
take exception to 反对 swear to 保证
in addition to 除„„之外 superior to 优于
in (or with) regard to 关于 yield to 向„„屈服
in reference to 关于 in relation to 关于
in respect to 关于 inferior to 劣于
lower oneself to 贬低自己„„
loyal to 忠于 next to 几乎
contribute… to, 投稿于„„；把„„贡献给„„
make contributions to… 对„„做贡献。
4. 作表语
His favorite sport is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。
比较：
She was washing clothes. 她正在洗衣服。[过去进行时]
Her job was washing clothes.
她的工作是洗衣服。[动名词]
5. 作同位语
This is my recreation, reading novels.
这便是我的娱乐，看小说。
His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
他的嗜好是做飞机模型，非常有趣。
6. 作定语
a dancing-teacher舞蹈教师
注意：动名词作定语时表示被修饰的名(代)词的
a smoking room=a room for smoking吸烟室
a walking stick手杖 a hiding place藏身处
a writing desk写字台 a racing bicycle赛车
a swimming pool游泳池 an operating table手术台
drinking water饮用水 building materials建筑材料
a bathing cap浴帽 a diving hoard跳板
a changing room更衣室 a writing table写字台
a waiting room等候室，候诊室 reading materials阅读材料
a watering can喷壶 a closing speech闭幕词
a guessing game猜字游戏 an opening speech开幕词
an ironing board烫衣板 working hours工作时间
a collecting tin募捐盒 a dancing hall舞厅
7. 含动名词的习语
①There is no doing…“„„是不可能的”。如：
There is no telling what may happen.
＝It is impossible to tell what may happen.
＝No one can tell what may happen.
谁也不知道会发生什么。
②feel like + doing“想„„”
I don't feel like eating(drinking, sleeping, etc. )just now. 此刻我不想吃(喝，睡等)。
③on/upon + doing “一„„就”
On hearing the news, she turned pale.
＝As soon as she heard the news, she turned pale.
一听到这消息，她脸色就变白了。
④no + aoing…不准„„
No smoking.
＝Let there be no smoking.
=You must not smoke. 禁止吸烟。
⑤of one's own + doing“自己„„的”。
This picture is of his own painting.
这幅画是他自己画的。
⑥It goes without saying that„„
＝It is needless to say that… „„是不用说的。
It goes without saying that diligence is the key to success，＝It is needless to say that diligence is the key to success. 勤勉是成功的前提，这是不用说的。
⑦be on/upon/at the point of + doing快要„„
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
=The baby's mother came home just as the baby was about to cry. 正当小孩快要哭的时候它母亲终于回家了。
⑧make a point of + doing认为是必要的，很重视
I always make a point of getting up early.
我总是很注重早起。
⑨never/not… without + doing
没有„„而不„„；每„„必„„
I never see her without thinking of her mother.
＝Whenever I see her, I think of her mother.
我一见到她，就想起她母亲。
⑩What do you say to + doing你认为„„怎么样?
What do you say to going to the Great Wall tomorrow?
你认为明天去长城好不好?
11. How/What about + doing…? 你认为„„如何?
How/What about going to France for our holidays?
我们去法国度假如何?
12. It is/There is no use + doing…做„„没有用。
It wasn't much use your pretending to be sick.
你假装生病也没有多大用处。
13. cannot help/avoid/resist + doing… 忍不住，不得不„„
I could not help smiling at the idea.
对于这个计划，我忍不住要笑。
14. do a lot of/much + doing„„做的很多
When I get to Rome, I want to do a lot of sightseeing.
＝When I get to Rome, I want to see a lot of sights.
我到罗马时，要游览很多名胜古迹。
15. worth + doing 值得做
The museum is worth seeing. 这个博物馆值得一看。
注意：①worth作形容词时带有介词性质，接动名词时必须是主动的、及物的词，但无宾语。如：补充实际内容
②worth接名词时，只能是表示钱数的词，或者相当于代价等的词。
The car is worth 50000 dollars. 这辆车值五万美元。
The car is worth so much/the price.
这辆车值那么多/那个价。
③worthy用于以下句型：be worthy of + n. /being done和be worthy to be done，接名词时，不烧是表示钱数的词或相当于代价等的词，这点与worth相反。如：
This question is worthy of being discussed further.
＝This question is worthy to be discussed further.
此问题值得更进一步地讨论。
The museum is worth a visit. 这个博物馆值得一看。
16. have difficulty (+in) + doing… 做„„有困难
We had great difficulty (in) solving the problem.
我们要解决这个问题有很大的困难。
注意：①其中difficulty不用复数形式，可换成trouble, fun, a hard/good time等，in可以省略。
I have trouble (in) getting the car started.
我要开动这辆汽车有困难。
I have fun (in) speaking English.
对于说英语我很有兴趣。
We had a good time (in) playing tennis.
我们玩网球玩得很快乐。
②take the trouble to需接动词原形。
You needn't have taken the trouble to do it for me.
你不必费心地为我做那件事。
③have a hard time后面接否定动作时，需接不定式。
He was so funny that I had a hard time not to burst out laughing. 他大有意思了，以致我忍不住笑了出来。
17. come/go near/to + doing 几乎要„„
He came/went near/to being drowned.
=He came close to being drowned.
=He was almost drowned. 他几乎溺死。
18. far from + doing 绝非，远非
His explanation is far from (being) satisfactory.
=His explanation is not at all satisfactory.
他的解释实在难以令人满意。
注意：far from接形容词可视为形容词前的being省略。
19. go + doing 去做某事
We went fishing with his uncle.
我们跟他叔叔去钓鱼。
注意：这种结构常表示从事运动、消遣或娱乐活动。
常见的这类动词词组有：
go bathing 去游泳 go running 去跑步
go boating 去划船 go sailing 去航海
go shooting 去射击 go dancing 去跳舞
go skating 去溜冰 go diving 去潜水
go skiing 去滑雪 go fishing 去钓鱼
go swimming 去游泳 go hunting 去打猎
go jogging 去慢跑 go walking 去散步
go climbing 去爬山 go shopping 去购物
20. 简短的禁令用动名词。如：
No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 No parking. 不准停车。
No spitting. 禁止吐痰。 No loitering. 禁止闲逛。
三、动名词的时态和语态
1. 动名词一般式的用法
(1)表示与谓语动作同时发生。
I was not aware of your being so lazy.
I was not aware that you were so lazy.
我(当时)不知道你(当时)是那么懒。
(2)表示发生在谓语动作之后。
There is no hope of his succeeding.
=There is no hope that he will succeed.
他没有成功的希望。
(3)表示发生在谓语动作之前。
He was scolded [or telling a lie
=He was scolded because he had told a lie.
他因说谎而挨骂。
2. 完成式动名词的用法
表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态。
He was accused of having stolen a watch.
=He was accused that he had stolen a watch.
他被指控偷表。
3. 被动语态动名词的用法
(1)表示被动的含义
My father doesn't like being asked to make a speech.
我父亲不喜欢被人家邀请去演讲。
(2)完成式的被动语态表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态。
I don't mind having been written like this.
我不在乎被描写成这样。
四、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。
1. 形式
(1)形容词性物主代词+ doing
Mother hates our playing indoors.
母亲讨厌我们在屋里玩。
(2)名词-'s + doing
John's coming home tomorrow excites all of us.
约翰明天回来，使我们都很高兴。
(3)人称代词宾格+ doing
His father agreed to him becoming an engine driver.
他父亲同意他做一名火车司机。
(4)名词+ doing
We must allow for the train being late.
我们必须考虑到火车晚点。
2. 用法
(1) 做主语时动名词的复合结构用：①形容词性物主代词+ doing；②名词-’s + doing。 My sister's being ill made us worried.
我妹妹病了使我们很担忧。
Your being right doesn't necessarily mean my being wrong. 你正确未必就意味着我错了。
(2)作宾语时动名词的复合结构用：①人称代词宾格 + doing；②名词+doing。
I am sure of the news being true.
我确信这个消息是真实的。
注意：在口语中，这种结构中的名词有时不用所有格，而用普通格，代词往往用宾格，不用物主代词。如：
Do you remember me and my mother coming to see you? 你记得我和母亲来看你吗? 五动名词和动词不定式的比较
1. 动名词和不定式都可表示普遍的、一般的真理、见解或信念等。
To get up/Getting up early is good for the health.
早起对健康有益。
2. 不定式表示尚未发生的动作；动名词暗示已经存在。
My grandfather is a millionaire, but having money does not solve all his problems.
我的祖父是一个百万富翁，但有钱并没有解决他所有的问题。
3. 动名词表一般的经验；不定式表具体的、特定的事例、意见或理论。如：
On the whole, I prefer walking to driving.
大体上说来，我比较喜欢走路，而不太喜欢开车。[一般的经验]
I prefer to stay at home tonight, because I'm out of sort.
今晚我宁愿留在家里，因为精神不太好。[特定的意见]
4. 不定式和动名词都有对称性。如：
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
Seeing is believing.
5. 动名词和动词不定式作宾语的比较
(1) 意义上没有太大的差别的动词
① attempt (试图), intend (意图), plan(计划),
Don't attempt to do/doing it by yourself.
不要想自己做它。
I intend to go/going abroad shortly.
我打算不久出国。
② start, begin, continue在书面语中后多接动名词，在口语中后多接不定式。但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时；当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。
It starts to snow.
He is beginning to cook dinner.
I began to understand what he meant.
在should (would) like/love等后需用不定式。
③在love, hate, prefer, like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一次具体行为。
(2)作宾语是意义上有差别的动词(短语)：
①
②在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：
如：
We don't allow smoking here.
We don't allow students to smoke.
③动词need， require， want作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need表“需要”，require表“要求”，want表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：
如：
窗户需要擦一下。
The place is worth visiting.
注意：worth while两者都可加，构成句型：
It is worth while to do sth/doing sth
如： the Great Walt.
巩固提升
例1．________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
例2．Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ________.
A. he'd like to collect coins as well
B. he feels like collecting coins, too
C. to collect coins is also his hobby
D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure
例3．Once your business becomes international, ________ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. you flight C. flight D. flying
点拨：①C ②D ③D 不定式做主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作；动名词做主语表示经常性的、抽象的或一般性的行为。但在it is no use/good， not any use/good， useless等后常用动名词或同不定式。
例4．(2006·湖南) If you think that treating a woman well means always ________ her permission for things, think again.
A. gets B. got
C. to get D. getting
D 题意：如果你认为善待女子就意味着凡事都要征求她的许可，那么你就得三思了。用非谓语动词的什么形式作宾语是由动词决定，mean表示“意味着”之意时，用doing作宾语。
例5． (2006·江苏)—There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
—My goodness! I can't imagine ________ that old.
A. to be B. to have been
C. being D. having been
答案：C 题意为：“这儿报纸上有一则关于一位110岁老人的故事。”“天哪!我难以想象那么大的年纪。”imagine后接动词时需用v. -ing形式，而D项表示已发生过的事情，与题意不符。
例6．. (2006·重庆) Isn't it time you got down to ________ the papers?
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
D 题意为：你该开始阅卷了吧? get down to是固定短语，意为“开始„„”，to是介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词，因空格后有宾语，所以此处用动名词的主动形式。
例7。. Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
点拨：C 介词for后面应该用动名词作宾语，否定词not应该位于动名词逻辑主语后面。