初中中考英语语法专题讲解(1) 名词
要点归纳
1. 名词—— 表示人或事物的名称或抽象概念的词。
2. 名词的分类:
专有名词:表示的是某一特定的人、事物、地方、团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专有的名称。例:China, Chinese, Sunday, May, Smith, Christmas, Shanghai等。专有名词书写时首字母一定要大写。
普通名词:表示某一类人或事物,或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如:teacher, blackboard, ship school, family, meat, water, duty, work等。 可数名词 :表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,有单数与复数两种形式。
例如:glass, man, bird, desk, book等。
不可数名词:所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词
一般无法有数目计量,都称为不可数名词。一般只用
单数形式,不能在前面加 a或 an来表示数量。例如:
paper, rice, water, milk, tea等。
3. 名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数表示一个人或事物,复数表示一个以上的人或事物。名词单数变复数的形式有规则变化与不规则变化之区别。
4. 有关名词数的几个注意事项
1.以s sh ch x 结尾的词,加es 如: buses dishes watches boxes
2.元音字母o结尾的词,特别是常用词,有生命+es, 无生命+s. 如:
Heroes, potatoes, omatoes, hippoes,
Photos, videos, radios, pianos
以oo结尾的不管有无生命都加 s 如zoos.
3.以f,fe结尾的词
1) 通常变f 为v, 再加-es。 如:half—halves, leaf—leaves, wife—wives life—lives等
2)下列词只加s如: roofs,chiefs
3) 有些词加s或es均可.如: scarf, handkerchief等
4. 不规则复数形式
1)改变元音字母。如:man---men, woman----women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse—mice
2)改变词尾.如:child—children, ox—oxen
3)两种复数形式 如:Hair—hairs, fruit—fruits, fish-- fishes
4)单复数同行
有些动物名称。 如 deer, sheep, fish,
表示某国的人的词。Chinese, Japanese, Swiss
5)集体名词虽然以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
people, police, cattle, 本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle 但是可以说a person,a policeman,a herd of cattle。
6)某些名词虽然以s结尾,但并非复数形式。如:news, physics, maths等. Maths is not difficult to learn.
7) the United States, the United Nations, the New York Times 做主语,谓语动词用单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.
The New York Times is popular all over the world.
8) 通常用于复数的名词。如 trousers, glasses, clothes, thanks, stairs 等 注意:a pair of trousers
two pairs of trousers
注意:German-Germans
5物质名词是不可数名词,一般只有单数形式。有些物质名细虽然也有复数形式,但意义有所不同。如:
glass 玻璃 a glass 一个杯子 glasses 杯子;眼镜(用作复数有两个意思
work工作 works 作品 单复数意义不同 time 时间 times次数,倍数,时代
food 食物 foods 各种各样的食物
fish 鱼 fishes 各种各样的鱼 表不同类别 fruit 水果 fruits 各种各样的水果
5. 名词所有格的构成:
在英语中名词有三个格之分,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式,它也有构成上的变化。在英语中有些名词可以在词尾加“’s”来表示所有格,有的复数名词则只加“’”,有的名词要用of表示所有关系。
1) 单数名词词尾加 ’s 。例如:
Tom’s father teacher’s desk
2) 以 s 结尾的词或以 s 变复数的词,在名词词尾加 “’”。例如: the teachers’ office the twins’ bedroom
3) 不规则的复数名词在词尾加“’s”。 例如
the men’s room the Children’s Palace
4) 如果某人或某物为两人所共有,则在第二个人后面加“’s”。例如:
Lucy and Lily’s mother Wang Hai and Wang Lin’s car
5) 如果不时两人所共有的, 则在各个人名后面都加“’s”,班后面
的名词用复数形式。例如:
Tom’s and Kate’s mothers Li Lei’s and Lin Tao’s desks
6) 名词如果是无生命的,可以用of 表示所有关系。例如: the windows of the house the picture of the family
a map of China the name of the city
7) 当然,of 也能用于有生命的物或人表示所有关系。例如: a friend of mine, two photos of his, some classmates of Meimei’s
8) 表示“在…办公室”、“在…店”的名词所有格后面往往把名词省去.
at the doctor’s Uncle Wang’s
考点1: an eight-year-old girl, a two-hour drive
考点2: 3 minutes’ walk/ride/drive = a 3-minute walk/ride/drive 考点3: a five days’ holiday = a five-day holiday
考点4: in two or three days’ time, in a few years’ time
考点5: half an hour’s time, one and a half hours’ time
考点6: on Teachers’ Day, on Women’s Day, on Children’s Day, on Mother’s Day, on Father’s Day
考点7: at the doctor’s, at my aunt’s
考点8: two women / men doctors, three boy/girl students
twenty minutes’ walk ——20分钟的步行
若改为短横线构形的形容词形式,所有的复数形式应去除。
20—minute walk——20分钟的步行
名词的专项练习
1. There are some ________ on the hill.
A. sheeps B. a sheep C. sheep D. sheepes
2. Mr Black often gives us ________ by Email.
A. some good information B. some good informations
C. good informations D. a good information
3. There are some new books in the school library. They are ____ books.
A. child B. childrens' C. children D. children's
4. Meimei's handwriting is better than any other ______ in his class.
A. students B. students C. student's D. students'
5. The hospital is a bit far from here. It's about _______ .
A. forty minutes's walk B. forty minute's walk
C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes' walk
6. How many _____ are there in your class ?
A. Japanese B. American C . Australian D. Canadian
7. I found my black cat in_____ room.
A. Jim and Mike B. Jim and Mike's
C. Jim's and Mike's D. Jim's and Mike
8. How much are the _____ ?
A. bread B. meats. C. potatos D. tomatoes
9. There are many ______ in our school.
A. woman teachers B. woman's teachers
C. women teachers D. women's teachers
10. Three months ________ a long time for me.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
11.Beijing is one of the largest ______ in China.
A .city B. a city C. the city D. cities
12.Our summer holiday is coming. Two______ students in our schools will go to beach.
A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of
13There is not enough ______ in the corner for the fridge.
A place B. room C. field D. ground
14 These Germans want to have some______ for supper, so they decide to catch now.
A. fish, many B. fishes, much C. fish, much D. fishes, many
15 What always goes up but never comes down?
______
A. Age B. Water C. Air D. Temperature