初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点
初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点主要是依据初二(八年级)下册英语教材，从直接引语、间接引语、重点句型及达标练习总结了初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点，适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。
知识点：
在称述句中直接引语和间接引语的转换：
a) 直接引语：说话人直接引用别人的原话。
b) 间接引语：说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来。
c) 直接引语一般前后要加引号;间接引语不d) 用引号。
e) 规则：1)人称变化：从句中的第一人称多改为第三人称;第二人称根据情况改为第一或第三人称;第三人称不f) 变。2)时态变化：如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，g) 直接引语变为间接引语时从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做以下变化：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时(客观真理除外)
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的动词时态保持不变;直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。3)其他指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词等的变化。直接引语中的一些指示代词，时间状语和地点状语须作相应的变化：
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这 these这些 that那 those那些
时间状语 now现在 then那时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 这星期 that week那个星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期
地点状语 here 这里 there 那里
动词 come来 go 去
【注意】1)直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时，有时不需要改变，如tomorrow。如果转述的动作发生在当天，无需改变;如果转述的动作不在当天，则需将tomorrow变为the next day.
2.habit, practice, custom: habit指“个人由于自然条件，社会环境，爱好或经常接触而导致可以为常的行为或特性”;practice语气比habit弱，指“个人或大家都习惯了的做法或工作与生活的方式。”;custom指“经过一段时期在某人，地区或社会中形成的传统习惯或风俗。”
3.bring, take, carry: bring指“从别处把东西或人带来”“拿来”，表示将人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的位置的这个动作;take指“把东西带走或拿走”，表示将人或物拿开或带离说话者所在的位置的这个动作; carry指“随身携带(不说明方向)有时含有 “负担”的意思。
4.Surprise用法：1)surprise作名词，表示“惊奇，诧异”;2)surprise作几物动词(后接某人作宾语)表示“使„惊奇”;surprise的过去分词作表语，表示“感到惊奇”;to one’s surprise表示“使„吃惊的是”;be surprised at sth/sb表示“对„感到惊奇”。
5.however 与 but:两者均可作“但是，然而”，而且都引出并列分句。从语义上看，but所表示的是非常明显的对比，转折的意味较however要强;从语法上看，but是并列连词，而however却是连接副词;从语序上看，but总是位于所引出的分句前，而however却可位于句首，句中和句末，但是译成汉语时一定要把它放在分句之首;从标点符号上看，but之
后一般不使用逗号，而however则必须用逗号分开。However当连词用时，“无论以何种方式，不管怎样”，引导让步状语从句。
6.first, at first与first of all：1)first可以做副词，意思是“首先，第一次，最初地”，指第一次做某事或首先做某事，first还可以用作形容词，意思是“第一的，最初的，主要的，一流的”，first作名词，意思是“首要，第一，最初”2)at first的意思是“起初，当初”，指刚刚开始做某事的时候，暗示后来的情况有所改变3)first of all的意思是“第一，最初，首先”，同first的用法相同，但语气上比first要强，常常用来加强语气。
7.true, real: true意思为“真的”“真正的”，强调与实际相符，而不是杜撰的，它与real相对。与to连用，意思是“忠实的”，true用作名词，与定冠词the连用，表示“真实，真理”等;real无此意。Real是形容词，强调客观存在的“真实”“实在”，不是想象的。
8.above, on,over:三者都有“在„上”之意。1)on表示两者上下紧贴在一起2)over表示一种直接的垂直概念，但没有上下紧贴的意思，反义词为under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念，也无相互紧贴的意思，反义词是below.
达标训练
Ⅰ. 单词拼写
1. Have you ______(讨论)the problem with anyone?
2. Have you ______(喂) the cat yet?
3. Take the ______(药) three times a day.
4. I was _______(吃惊的) to hear that they would get married.
5. I’d like to know the r______ why you’re so late.
6. The news s_____my mother yesterday.
7. The little girl is so p_____ that almost everyone likes her.
8. Tables, chairs and beds are f_______.
9. The sun has much e_______. How to make full of it is very important.
10. A plant can use the energy in sunlight to make food for i_______.
11. You can’t ______(倒) the waste water into the river.
12. The boy was saved and now he is out of ________(危险).
13. Japan is an _______(亚洲) country.
14. It’s our duty to _____(保护) our environment.
15. The basket is e_______now, you can put some orangers in it.
16. The little girl lit a m_____. It shone brightly.
Ⅱ. 翻译句子
1. 今天相当冷, 是吗? ___________________________________
2. 我这害怕打雷. ___________________________________
3. 太阳将在15分钟后落下去. ___________________________
4. 用土盖上你的种子. ___________________________
5. 叶子是用来干什么的? ___________________________
6. 在树丛中行走是令人愉快的事. ___________________________
7. 所有的植物都是从土壤中摄取能量然后把它做成食物. ________________________
8. 世界上一半的食物来自于三种植物. ___________________________
9. 植物对所有动物来说很重要吗? ___________________________
10. 他不敢和校长讲话. ___________________________
11. 我们需要帽子来遮挡阳光. ___________________________
12. 动物园有助于人们防止动物灭绝. ___________________________
13. 马克 吐温喜欢跟别人开玩笑. Mark Twain liked to ____________________.
14. 埃及以金字塔而闻名于世. ___________________________
能力提高
A
Since 1946, one of the most important inventions had been the computer. It has been changing all our lives.
The first computer 1________(build) in 1946. it 2_______(be) as large as a room and very difficult and slow 3________(use). But since the invention of silicon “chip”, computers 4________(become) smaller, easier and faster to operate. Some computers 5_________(be) as small as TV sets. Some can even 6________ (make) smaller than a book. And computers 7_______(get) smaller and smaller all the time. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow 8________(be) like? There 9________(be)several reasons why the computer is useful to us. First, a lot of information can 10 ________(put) into computers. Second, the computer 11________(work) very
quickly-thousands of times faster than a man-and it will not be tired. Third, modern computers and planes. So today people can spend less time 12_______(do) more work with a computer.
B
My grandmother was an iron-willed woman. When I was five, she invited some friends to her apartment. Among the guests there 1________(be) a rich man and his daughter. Grandmother considered them the most important among the guests.
During the party, I went to the bathroom. I was still sitting down when the girl walked in, “You 2_______(stay) here too long!”
“It’s not your business. Don’t you know that little girls shouldn’t come into the bathroom when a little boy 3_________(use) it?” I said in anger. This 4_______(surprise)the little girl. Then she started to cry. Most guests had heard what I said and laughed. But not Grandmother.
She 5_______(wait) for me when I left the bathroom. Grandmother shouted that I was impolite and rude and ordered, “You 6_______(say) sorry to her,” All the guests watched in silence.
Twenty minutes later, grandmother walked by the bathroom and noticed a torrent of water 7_______(run) out from under the door. Everyone knew who did that.
Grandmother was so angry that she tried 8_______(get) me anyway. It took several strong men finally to move her away and calm her down.
My grandmother took me by the hand and seated me on his lap. He looked at me, not at all angry or upset. “9________(tell) me,” he asked, “why did you do it?” “Well, she shouted at me for nothing,” I said seriously. “Now she’s got something to be angry at.”
Grandmother didn’t speak right away. He just sat there, looking at me and smiling. I 10 ________ never ____(forget)his expressions for my whole life.
“Eric,” he said at last, “I think you did the right thing.”
蜡烛、蛋糕、祝福„„一定让你想起了那一个个难忘的生日。下一个生日你打算怎么过?请以My Dream Birthday” 为题，发挥你的想象力，写一篇短文。
要求：1. 简要说明你在下一个生日中要做的具体事情。
2. 语句通顺，合乎逻辑。 词数60-80
达标训练-答案：
名词：shower, take a shower; storm; fact; change; baseball; playground; plant; leaf, leaves; glass, a glass of„; reason; energy; heat; bamboo; corn; wheat; furniture; medicine; goose, geese; scince, scintific, scintist; camel; danger, dangerous; joke; Asian; experiment; method; liquid; solid; spoon; plate; match 动词: rise, rose, risen, go up, set; kich; hold, held, held; grow, grew, grown; lend, lent, lent, borrow; discuss, discussion; feed, fed, fed; dig, dug, dug; die, died, died, dying, death, dead; keep, kept, kept; protect, protect„from„; scare, scared; appear, disappear; fill, be filled with; examine, discover; explain, explanation; add; mix, mixture; pour, hide, hid, hiddn; burn, burnt/burned, burnt/burned
形容词, 副词: pretty, everywhere; pleasant; lovely; somewhere; shy; mad; lazy; nearly; surprised
常用短语: look outside; 2. be scared to do sth. 3. in the warm sun 4. make a loud noise 5. Thanks for„/Thank you for„ 6. one by one 7. fall off 8. stop doing sth. 9. wake up; wake sb. up 10. carry„away 11. grow into„ 12. make„into„ 13. put„outside/on/in 14. use„to do„ 15. forget to do sth. 16. cover„with 17. half of„ 18. in different ways 19. play with„ 20. make friends with„ 21. take sb. to sp. 22. slow down 23. protect„from„ 24. take one’s photo/picture; take the picture/photo of sb. 25. play a joke on sb. 26. be famouse/well-known for 27. go extinct 28. on/over radio 29. fill„with„ 30. do experiment 31. turn„over/ turn„upside down 32. hunt for 33. not„until 34. billions of 35. No photos.
重点单词讲解: 1. 程度;rather, quite, very; quite, very, rather 2. What do you want to when you grow up? Followers grow into seeds. 3. died, died; dead; death; dying; 情感、冻、饿、疾病等内部原因;事故、粗心、工作过量等外部原因而死 4. lovely“可爱的，秀美动人的”;lively“活泼的，生动的，栩栩如生的”，可作表语、定语和宾补，既可指人，又可指物;live“活的，实况转播的”;alive“活着的，存在的”，可作表语或补语，作定语时常后置;living“活着的，有生命的”，常作前置定语。
5. (1) surprise sb. (2) to one’s surprise; in surprise, give sb. a surprise
(3) surprise, surprised, be surprised at 1. am surprised at 2. To one’s surprise
6. (1) enough+名词 (2) adj+enough 两者可直接接动词不定式 (1) D (2) so big that 重点短语
1. (1) be scared of sth. (2) be scared to do sth. be scared of
2. day by day, year by year, step by step
3. fall off, fall asleep, fall down, fall behind (1) falls asleep (2) A
4. (1)protect, from (2) keep/stop, from
5. No parking, No smoking, No fishing, No spitting
重点句型:
1. A
2. a quarter of„, forty percent of„, all of, some of, one of
3. have been in
达标测试
Ⅰ. 单词拼写
1. discussed 2. fed 3. medicine 4. surprised 5. reason 6. surprised 7. pleasant
8. furniture 9. energy 10. itself 11. pour 12. dangerous 13. Asian 14. protect 15. empty 16. match
Ⅱ. 翻译句子
1. It’s rather cold, isn’t it? 2. I am scared of thunder. 3. The sun will set in 15 minutes. 4. Cover your seed with soil. 5. What are leaves for? 6. It’s pleasant to walk among the trees. 7. All the plants take energy from soil and make it into food. 8. Half of the world’s food comes from three plants. 9. Are plants important to all animals? 10. He is scared to talk to headmaster. 11. We need hats to protect us from the sun. 12. Zoos help people to stop animals from going extinct. 13. Mark Twain liked to play joke on someone. 14. Egypt is famous for pyramids. 能力提高
A 1. was built 2. was 3. to use 4. have become 5. are 6. be made 7. are getting
8. will be 9. are 10. be put 11. works 12. doing
B 1. was 2. have stayed 3. is using 4. surprised 5. was doing 6. must say 7. running 8. to get 9. Tell 10. will forget
My dream birthday
I dream of a wonderful birthday party. First, I’ll invite all of my good friends to the party. I think mom will buy me a big birthday cake. I like the one with lots of strawberry hat. That will be fantastic.
Then we’ll put colorful candles on the cake and take photos together. After that, we’ll have a big dinner happily. At last, we’ll play games together. We’ll sing and dance for the whole night. How happy I will be!
3. 文中请勿使用真实的姓名与学校名称。