4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4.9 比较级形容词或副词 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.(对) He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。
比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
答案：C. much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
4.11 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中，father 表示距离，further表示进一步。I have nothing further to say.
4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best. This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africa is the second largest continent.
3) 句型转换：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.
4.13 和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样……He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all.
典型例题1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
初二英语语法总结
1) leave的用法
1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的？
2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京？
2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：
How should I know? 我怎么知道？
Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ 很傻很天真
should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如：
We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如：
You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如：
We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
3) What...? 与 Which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：
What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
该句相当于：
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。如： What color do you like best? （所有颜色）
你最喜爱什么颜色？
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? （有特定的范围）
你最喜爱哪一种颜色？
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：
Which pictures are from China?
哪些图片来自中国？
4) 频度副词的位置
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：
always（总是，一直）
usually（通常）
often（常常，经常）
sometimes（有时候）
never（从不）
2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：
David is often arrives late for school.
大卫上学经常迟到。
b.放在行为动词前。如：
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.
有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：
Never have I been there.
5) every day 与 everyday
1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如：
We go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day.
我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.
她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity?
你的日常活动是什么？
6) 什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词
（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而
forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如
good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
9) 对两个句子的提问
新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：
句子：The boy in blue has three pens.
提问：1.Who has three pens?
2.Which boy has three pens?
3.What does the boy in blue have?
4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。再如：
句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.
提问：1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?
5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?
6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?
10) so、such与不定冠词的使用
1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如：
He is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如：
It is such a nice day.
That was such an interesting story.
11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。如：
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：
There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：
We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介词后面。如：
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball.
5.在以下结构中：
enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事
finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
go on doing sth 继续做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事
try doing sth 试图做某事
need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
practice doing sth 练习做某事
be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事
miss doing sth 错过做某事
12) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如：
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）
3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如： go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如：
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。 I 名词复数的规则变化
1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：
pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers
desk---desks tree---trees
2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。如： class---classes dish---dishes
watch---watches box---boxes
3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词，词尾加-es。如：
potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes
Negro---Negroes hero---heroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。如： family---families dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities country---countries
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。如： half---halves leaf---leaves
thief---thieves knife---knives
self---selves wife---wives
life---lives wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves loaf---loaves
但是：
scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs
serf---serfs gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
II 名词复数的不规则变化
1.将-oo改为--ee。如：
foot---feet tooth---teeth
2.将-man改为-men。如：
man---men woman---women
policeman---policemen postman---postmen
3.添加词尾。如：
child---children
4.单复数同形。如：
sheep---sheep deer---deer
fish---fish people---people
5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
American---Americans Australian---Australians
Canadian---Canadians Korean---Koreans
Russian---Russians Indian---Indians
6.其它。如：
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让
hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割
get→getting 取、得到
sit→sitting 坐
forget→forgetting 忘记
put→putting 放
set→setting 设置
babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物
trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止
drop→dropping 放弃
3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游
swim→swimming 游泳
run→running 跑步
dig→digging 挖、掘
begin→beginning 开始
prefer→preferring 宁愿
plan→planning 计划
15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any。如：
There are some birds in the tree.
→There aren't any birds in the tree.
但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。如：
I have a knife and a ruler.
→I don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：
They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）
→They don't have many friends.
There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）
→There isn't much orange in the bottle.
4.already变为yet。如：
I have been there already.
→I haven't been there yet.
16) in与after
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如：
He will leave for Beijing in a week.
一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如：
He left for Beijing after a week.
一周后他动身去了北京。
不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如：
We will finish the work after ten o'clock.
十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
I'll visit him in a week.
一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll visit him twice in a week.
一周内我会去拜访他两次。
17) 不定冠词a与an的使用
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is a "b" in the word "book".
单词book中有个字母b。
类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。
She has a small knife.
她有一把小刀。
2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is an "i" in the word "onion".
单词onion中有个字母i。
类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。
Do you have an umbrella?
你有一把雨伞吗？
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。如： a useful book
a universe
a one-letter word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an honest person
18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：
1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如：
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。
2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：
The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。
The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。如：
Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。
dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：
The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。
4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如：
John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。
The man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢？
1. a little 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。如：
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。
还可以接形容词。如：
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。如：
There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”，后接形容词。如：
It's a bit cold. 有点冷。
a bit of 后接不可数名词。如：
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。
4. a little 表肯定意义，little 表否定意义；a few 表肯定意义，few 表否定意义。如：
There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。
There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。
Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有点儿”。
20) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。如：
Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。如： She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）
like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如：
Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗？
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：
They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。
2、like 作介词，可译成“像......”。如：
She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。
It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。
3、区分以下句子：
A. What does he look like?
B. What is he like?
A句译为“他长相如何？”指一个人的外貌特征；而B句译为“他人怎么样？”指人的性格特点。
C. The boy like Peter is over there.
D. A boy like Peter can't do it.
A句指外貌相似，而D句指性格相似。
21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如：
The students stop to listen to their teacher.
学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如：
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如：
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.
他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。
They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。