省略
编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞
概念引入
省略的使用主要在于避免重复，可以使语言简洁、紧凑、重点突出、表达有力。省略的原则是不损害结构或引起歧义。所以我们要认真学习有关“省略”的常见规则，以便正确应用英语，另外，考查省略的题在高考题中也经常出现。
我们先看看这些句子：
1. If (it is) possible, discuss what kind of first aid you should give in these situations.
2. Often the illness or injury is not serious, but there are other times when (the illness or injury is serious and) giving first aid quickly can save lives.
3. These affect both the top (layer of the skin) and the second layer of the skin.
4. Burns are called first (degree burns), second (degree burns) or third degree burns,
depending on which layers of the skin are burned.
5. He wanted to help the accident victim but his friend didn’t (want to help the accident victim).
6. To her teacher’s surprise, she did better in her first aid exam than (she was) expected (to do).
括号内为省略部分，把省略部分遮住，再次观察句子，思考：
是不是什么都能省略呢？究竟可以省略那些词句呢？省略有什么规律吗？
用法讲解
功能词的省略：
1. 冠词的省略
1）两个并列名词都有同一冠词，第二个名词的冠词常可省略。
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl? 这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？
Both the old and (the) young will enjoy the TV series.
老年人和年轻人都会喜欢这部电视连续剧。
2）家庭成员前可以省略其前的冠词或代词等，把该词大写即可。
Dad never scolds me but Mom does. 爸爸从不责骂我，而妈妈却不同。
3）表示独一无二的职位，而不是这个职业所具体指的那个人时，常省略冠词。 Henry, head of our team, was determined to give up this game.
我们的队长亨利决定放弃这场比赛。
但是：如果省略了第二个冠词后会误认为一人或一物时，就不可省略。
They are the gardener and the gatekeeper. 他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。 对比：the gardener and gatekeeper 园丁兼门卫
2. 介词的省略
1）表示一段时间的名词短语中for 多省略，但是否定句中或句首不省略。
I ’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。
For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm. 整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2）of 在与age ，size ，colour, height, shape等名词连用时，常可省略。
The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size. 这两双鞋号码一样大。
3）near to ，opposite to ，in ... way，in ...style ，at about ...o’clock 等中的介词可省略。 I live near (to) the supermarket you’re talking about. 我住在你们说的那家超市附近。
Will you sit opposite (to) me and have a friendly talk?
你们能坐在我对面友好地谈谈吗？
4）在-ing 前的介词可省略。
have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
spend/ waste/ pass... (in/on) doing sth. 花/浪费/度过....... 做某事
stop/ prevent... (from) doing sth. 阻止...... 做某事
end up ... (by) doing sth. 以做...... 结束
What ’s the good (of) doing sth.？做...... 有什么好处？
have a good/ pleasant/ hard time (in) doing sth. 做...... 过得愉快/艰难
5）以any, each, every, next, last, some, this, that, one等开头的表示时间的名词短语中，常省略介词。
You may come here any day. 你哪天来都行。
不定式中的省略
1. 省略句子中与前面重复的动词原形，只保留不定式符号to ：
1）助动词或情态动词，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to, would like to后的动词原形。
I can’t stand as much as I used to. 我无法像过去一样忍受那么多了。
—Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？
—Well, I’d like to (go with you). 我愿意。
2）want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等+to (do) ...
Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hopes to.
杰克没有通过驾照考试，但是他仍然希望能通过。
He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。
3）ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow 等+sb. to (do)...
Mary wanted to use your new bike, but I asked her not to.
玛丽要用你的新自行车，但是我没有让她用。
Don ’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
4）形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid 等+to (do)...
—Will you come for a walk? 你想去散步吗？
—I ’m glad to. 想去。
2. 省略to ：
1）并列的不定式中的第二个不定式的to 常省略，但如果是对比关系，则不能省： It ’s very kind of you to meet me at the railway station and (to) drive me home.
你们来火车站接我还用车送我回家真是太好了。
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是要让生活更轻松自在，而不是让生活更难过。
2）使役动词have 、make 、let 和感官动词后接的宾语补足语时省略to ，但是变成被动句后要加上。
They made the boy go to bed early.他们让这个男孩早睡。
The boy was seen to come into the house through the window.
有人看见男孩从窗户钻进房子里。
3）介词but 前有实义动词do ，but 后的不定式的to 省略：
They did nothing but wait. 他们除了等待什么事也没做。
对比：
Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep. 除了躺下睡觉它别无选择。
4）主句的主语部分含有实义动词do 时，作表语的不定式常省略to ：
All I did was (to) give him a little push. 我能做的只能是给他点帮助（轻轻推推他）。
5）want, like用在when, if, what, as等连接的从句时，to 也可省
I ’ve decided to do what I like. 我已经决定做我喜欢做的事。
句子成分的省略
1. 省略主语，特别是祈使句中的you 常省略。
（You ）Do be more careful in future. 今后一定要小心。
（I ）Beg your pardon. （我）请你原谅。
（It ）Looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。
2. 省略谓语或谓语的一部分
Who (comes ) next? 该谁了？
The river was deep and the ice (was ) thin. 河水很深而且冰也薄。
You (are) doing this on purpose? 你是有意做的吗？
有时省略谓语中的主要动词
We ’ll do the best we can (do). 我们会尽最大的努力。
3. 省略系动词或表语
1) 为了交流方便，常省略系动词。
Everything (is) in good condition. 一切顺利。
I refuse, however good the conditions (are). 条件再好，我还是拒绝。
2）省略表语
—Are you ready? 你准备好了吗？
—Yes, I am (ready). 我准备好了。
He was a lover of sports as he had been (a lover of sports) in his youth.
他还是像年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。
4. 省略宾语
Let ’s do the dishes. I’ll wash (the dishes) and you’ll dry (the dishes).
让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。
She washed (the shirt), ironed (the shirt), and folded the shirt.
她洗完了衬衫，并且把它熨好、叠好。
5. 省略定语
He spent part of the money, and the rest（of the money）he saved.
那钱他花了一部分，其余的他都存了起来。
6. 省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分：
(I hope that) Everything goes well. 希望你一切顺利。
(Have you) Got a light? 有火吗？
并列句中的省略
1. 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。 John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2. 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3. 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
复合句中的省略
【高清课堂：Unit 5语法精讲 状语从句的省略---宾语从句中的省略】
1. 状语从句中的省略
1）在when, while, as, until, once, if, unless, though, although, as if, as though, even if, even though 等词连接的状语从句中，常省略与主句相同的主语和be 动词。
When (I am) in trouble, I always turn to her for help. 有麻烦时，我总是向她求助。
Errors, if (there is) any, should be corrected. 错误，如果有的话，应该纠正。
Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning. 木头燃烧时会冒出许多烟。
I won’t go even if (I’m) invited. 就是被邀请，我也不会去。
2）在比较状语从句中经常省略与前面比较的一方相同的部分:
She has finished the work earlier than (it has been) expected. 她比预料的提前完成了工作。 She can dance ballet just as wonderfully as you (do).
He is not so busy as he was (busy) last year. 他不像去年那么忙了。
3）when (或if, where, wherever, whenever) + possible/ necessary, 省略了
it is/ was Answer these questions，if (it is) possible, without referring to the book.
回答这些问题，如果可能的话，不要看书。
When (it is) necessary, you can help us to do something. 需要时，你可以帮我做事。
4) 虚拟语气中的省略
如果非真实条件从句中有had/ should/ were, 那么可以把had/ should/ were提到句首，而省略连词if 。
Had he (=If he had) arrived there, he would have telephoned me.
他如果已经到了那里，他就给我打电话了。
Were time (If time were) to go back, I would work double hard.
如果时间能倒流，我会加倍努力。
Should it (If it should) be fine tomorrow, we would go for an outing.
假如明天天气好，我们就去郊游。
2. 定语从句中的省略
1）代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语的连接词that/whom可以省略。
Is this the reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
这是在会上他为工作中的粗心大意而解释的理由吗？
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill. 昨天你见过的汤姆病了。
2）先行词为the time, the place, the way等，可以省略连接词。
This is the first time (when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
这是第一次他与老板有了纠纷。
He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week” holiday. 他想找个好地方在“黄金周”期间我们可以野餐。
I don’t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。
特别提醒：
引导主语从句和同位语从句的that 一般不省略。
3. 宾语从句中的省略
1) 引导宾语从句的连词that 常省略。但是并列宾语从句中，只有第一个that 可以省略。 The manager explained (that) the task was difficult and that the weather was bad.
经理解释说任务艰巨而且天气糟糕。
2）省略与前面相同的成分，只保留宾语从句的引导词。
I know (that) an NBA star will come to our city but I don’t know when (the NBA star will come to our city). 我知道一个NBA 明星要来我们城市，但是我不知道什么时候。 He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad).
他想移居到国外去，他的父母亲想知道为什么。
■
习惯上的省略：
有些省略结构经过长期发展、约定俗成而来的，很少有人关注其省略的成分。
1. why/ why not 常跟动词原形，用来询问“为什么”或“为什么不”。有时含有强烈建议的意味。
Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？
It ’s so cold here. Why stand here so long? 这里这么冷，为什么长时间站在这里？
2. How about...? / What about...? ......怎么样? 用来询问情况、提出请求、建议或征求对方意见。How about your English exam yesterday? 你昨天的英语考得怎么样?
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? 我们两个去花园散步怎么样？
3. If only... 但愿......; 要是...... 就好了
If only I were as clever as you! 要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!
If only it would stop raining! 但愿雨会停下来。
4. What if...? 要是...... 怎么办/怎么样？
What if we go and see a film tomorrow evening? 我们明晚去看电影好吗?
That was very clever, but what if the plan had failed?
那是很高明的, 不过这个计划若是失败了, 结果会怎么样呢?
5. How come...? 怎么会......? 怎么回事......? 怎么搞的......?
How come you didn’t tell me earlier? 你怎么不早点儿告诉我?
How come you didn’t invite him to the party! He is your future boss.
你怎么没有邀请他参加晚会! 他是你未来的老板。
6. What for... ? 用于询问什么原因或目的, 相当于:Why...? / For what purpose...?
—Let ’s go and have a good drink tonight. 今晚我们去好好喝一杯吧。
—What for? Have you got the first prize in the competition? 为什么？你得了竞赛一等奖？
使用替代词的省略
1. 名词性替代：one/ ones/ it；that/ those；the same
（1) one，it 的区别
one 泛指同类事物中的一个，而it 指代某个具体的特指对象。
Look at my MP3. I bought it last Sunday. (特指前面的MP3)
Look at his MP3. I want to buy one. （泛指其中之一）
(2) one 和that
a. that只能代替物，而one 既可代替人，也可代替物；
b. that需带后置定语，而one 既可带前置定语，也可带后置定语；
c. one替代前面名词时可接定语从句，而that 不可以；
d. one不能代替不可数名词，而that 可以。
e. one的复数是ones ，而that 的复数是those 。
His accent is similar to that of an American. 他的口音像美国人。
The question is quite an interesting one. 这个问题相当有趣。
My English teacher is one who has a good knowledge of stamps.
我的英语老师是个对邮票很有研究的人。
(3) the same
the same可以替代名词短语或名词从句所表示的事实，还可以代替上文的全部内容。 —Mary came late and didn’t see the famous scientist.
玛丽来晚了，没有见到那位著名科学家。
—What a pity, and I did the same (and the same with me). 多遗憾，我也是。
2. 动词性替代：do/ do so/ do it
—Have you written your homework? 你写作业了吗？
—No, I haven’t done yet, but I will do this afternoon. 没有，我下午做。
He promised to help me, and he did so. 他许诺帮助我，而且他也帮了。
They played cards after supper and I watched them do it.
他们晚饭后打牌，我旁观。
3. 从句式替代
英语中常用so 或not 替代一个从句，放在表示看法、意见的动词后面。
—Do you think he will be able to do it?
—I think so.
—Do you think it is going to rain all the day?
—I hope not.