青春岁月
功能语类在英语专业八级阅读中的应用
□王新丽（北华大学外国语学院，吉林吉林132013）
【摘要】本文围绕阅读理解教学中的几个实例展示了功能语类的实际应用。
【关键词】语类分析；英语八级；阅读
一、问题——解决型（Pr oblem-Solution Patter n ）
1）When a lig ht passeng er plane flew o ff course so me time ag o, it crashed in the m ountains and its pilot was killed.
2）T he only passeng er, a you ng woman and her two b aby daughters, were unhurt.
3）It was the middle of winter. S now laythick on the gro und.
4）T he w oman knew that the nearest v illage w as miles away . 5）When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put th e children insid e it, co vering them with all the clothes and she could find. 6）Duringthe night, it go t terriblyco ld.
7）T he wo man kept as near as she co uld to the child and even tried to g et intothe case herself, but it was toosmall.
8）E arly n ext mo rning , she heard planes passing ov erhead and wondered how she co uld send a signal.
9）Then sh e had an idea.
10）She stam ped out the letters “SOS ”in the sno w.
11）Fortunately , a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town.
12）It was no t lo ng befo re a helicopter arrived o n the rescue the surv ivo rs of the plane crash.
Situation:S1); S9) Problem:S2); S3); S6)
Respon se:S4); S5); S7); S10); S11) Evaluatio n/Result:S12)
这则故事我们也可根据Labov 的叙事模式来分析Abstract:S1)
Orientatio n:S2); S3)
Com plicatingactio n:S4); S5); S6); S7); S8) Ev aluatio n:S9); S10); S11) Resolutio n:S12)
二、设定——真实型（The Hypothetical -Real Patter n ）（1）Every o ther critic has said that On Food and Co oking is brilliant, a revelation, and a unique co mbinatio n of scien tific insight and literacy which sweeps aside all m yth and jargo n as none hav e done befo re. （2）McCee ’s boo k is is indeed well written, is full o f go od things and is go od to have on the shelves as a con tinuing so urce o f reference and quotes. （3）But it also has its fair share of mistakes, omissions and misalig nments o f emphasis.
句（1）是语篇的设定部分，陈述公众对On Foo d and Coo king 一书的普遍看法；读完此句读者并不知道作者是打算支持这种普遍看法呢，还是予以否定。句（2）和句（3）构成语篇的真实部分：作者陈述了其真实的看法，并给出了理由。
三、一般——特殊型（The General -Particular Pattern ）
分为两类：一般——例证型（T he
General –Ex ample Pattern ）
预览——细节型（T he Prev iew –Detail Pattern ）
（1）A poem differs fro m most pro se in sev eral way s. （2）For o ne, bo th writer and reader tend to reg ard it differently. （3）The po et ’s attitude is as if, sticking his neck o ut, he were to say :I offer this piece of writing tobe read no t as prose bu t as a poem –that is, mo re perceptively, thoug htfully , and considerately , with m ore attention to sound s and conno tations. （4）Th is is a g reat deal to ex pect, but in return, the reader has a right to his o wn expectatio ns. （5）He appro aches the po em in the anticipation o f o ut-o f-the-o rdinary kno wledg e and pleasure …
句（1）属一般概括；句（2）指出差别之一，同时对下文所述也起到预览作用，而句（3）、句（4）和句（5）是对预览的详细例证和说明。
四、匹配比较型（The Matching Pattern ）
（1）It is interestin g to no te that iconic m odels o nly represent certain features of that po rtion of the real wo rld which they simulate. （2）For example, a map will only contain tho se features which are o f interest to the person using the m ap. （3）Similarly , architects ’mo dels will be limited to include o nly those features which are o f interest to th e person considering employ ingthe architect.
句（1）是一般概述，句（2）和句（3）属例证说明，本语篇属一般——特殊型模式。但另一方面，通过句（2）和句（3）的匹配比较，句（1）的语义又得以加强。
五、L abov 模式
点题（abstract ）、指向（o rien tation ）、进展（complicating action ）、评议（evaluation ）、结局（resolution ）和回应（coda ）六个环节。
所以英语阅读教学融入语类意识是十分必要的。一方面，将语境融入到语言学习中，可以使学生们在学习中体会到社会文化因素与语言的密切关系另一方面，可以让学生从宏观角度对篇章有个整体认识，从而提高阅读，理解和分析的能力。
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