中考英语定语从句讲解
一、概念: 1. 定语从句的概念：在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对先行词起修饰限定作用。e.g. He is the man who I want to see.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
2. 定语从句的引导词：
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种，关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。
二、原则： a.定语从句必须紧紧地跟在先行词后面，限制修饰先行词。
b.定语从句必须用关系词来引导。
c.关系词在定语从句中作一个句子成分.
三、 关系代词引导定语从句应该注意的几个方面：
① 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。 e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English well.
住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3年级的学生明天去爬山。
② 当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。
e.g.Mrs. Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
你昨天碰见的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。
This is the book (which) you are looking for.
这是那本你正在找的书。
There are some films (that) I’d like to see.
有几部电影我想去看。
③ 口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。
e.g.The man (whom / who) you were talking about has come to our school.
你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校。
④关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前） e.g.The man (whom) I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.
→ The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei.
我借书的那个人是李雷。
The house (which) he lives in is quite large.
→ The house in which he lives is quite large.
他住的房子很大。
应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略，另外，若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。
e.g.The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk.
你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。
The sick man whom she is taking care of is her farther.
她在照顾的病人是她父亲。
四、下列定语从句只能用that来引导：
1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰
This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen.
2.先行词为序数词所修饰
I happened to be the thousandth guest that visited the great hotel.
This is the first composition that he has ever written in English.
3.先行词既包括人又包括物
They talked of things and persons that happened in the school.
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句
Who is the man that came this morning?
Which is the bag that you lost?
5.先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰的定语从句
He is the very person that the police are looking for.
This is the only thing that I can remember.
6.先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代词
Tell us everything that you know, please.
Is there anything that you don’t understand?
7.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时
All that glitters is not gold.
I’ve read all the books that you gave me.
五、“介词+ 关系词” 及关系副词when, where, why
1). The box is full of bottles. He is standing on the box.
----> The box on which he is standing is full of bottles.
The box where he is standing is full of bottles.
2). This is the train. We work on the train.
---->This is the train on which we work.
This is the train where we work.
3). I know the reason. She did it for the reason.
---->I know the reason for which she did it.
I know the reason why she did it.
4). The man is our school master. You shook hands with the man just
now.
----> The man with whom you shook hands is our schoolmaster.
5). The pen is made in Shanghai. She is writing with the pen.
----> The pen with which she is writing is made in Shanghai.
不能拆开的词组： look for / look after / catch hold of /take care of / put on / take off…….
六、非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充，说明的作用，常用逗号分开。关系代词用who(m), which，关系副词用where ,when. 非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导.
This was the American Civil War, which lasted 4 years before the North won in the end. He was taken to another room, where he found a wounded boy, who was dying.
七、as 作为关系代词， 习惯上用于下列词组：
the same....as such ...as as ... as， so…as
Take as many books as you want.
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
He read such books as will make him wiser.
The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.
As 用于非限制性定语从句，常见以下句型：
as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out
as与which的用法区别：as与 which在非限制性定语从句中，都可指代整个主句，但as引导的从句可放在主句的句首, 句中或句尾， 而 which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾 As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth, as we have seen.
She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour.
八、the same…as, the same …that 的区别
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （相似的事物）
I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. （同一事物）
九、 定语从句可以简化成短语
① 定语从句为被动结构，可用过去分词短语简化。
e.g. I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. → I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
我买了一本鲁迅写的书。
②若为主动结构，且为进行时态或从句表示经常性的动作和状态时，可用现在分词短语简化。 e.g. Tell the children who are playing there not to do that.
→ Tell the children playing there not to do that.
The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987.
→ The house standing at the corner was built in 1987.
③当从句中的谓语动词表示一个将要发生的动作或具有某种情态意义时，可简化为动词不定式。
e.g. We have nothing that we should fear. → We have nothing to fear.
我们没有什么事情可以害怕。
④当从句的谓语动词后是介词短语时，可简化为介词短语作定语。
e.g. The book that is on the table is expensive. → The book on the table is expensive.
十、定语从句和同位语从句的区别:
定语从句相当于形容词作定语， 对先行词加以限制或修饰，同位语从句相当于名词，对先行词加以补充或说明，连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分，而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分.
The promise that my uncle gave me made us happy. （定语从句）
The promise that my uncle would give me a new bike made us happy. (同位语从句)
The news that they had won came.
关系代词what和that, which的区别:
先比较下列句子中的what和that:
He told us the things that he had seen.
--> He told us what he had seen.
This is the words which I said.
--> This is what I said.
可以看出what 实际上等于是 “the thing that(which)”, 即 “先行词+关系词”. 因此在句中如果已有先行词，则不能用what，而只能用that(which)，如没有先行词，则用what。what是 一个没有先行词的关系词。
[注意]
一、定语从句是复合句的重要组成部分。在定语从句中不管出现什么情况，主句的结构必须完整。试比较：
1. Is this farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?
2. Is this the farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?
A. which B. the one C. where D. what
简析：第1题中主句缺少表语，只有B项才能保持主句的完整性。故选B。第2 题的主句本身已完整，应填关系代词作定语从句中及物动词visit 的宾语。所以，正确答案是A。
二、在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当了某一成分，因此，定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：
改错： Do you remember the book that I lent it to you last week?
简析：该题中的that 指代先行词book，在定语从句中充当了动词 lend 的逻辑宾语，故 it 应该删除。
三、解题时，首先要结合选项对题干进行整体感知，确定定语从句的位置；根据定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，分析先行词逻辑上在定语从句中的成分，继而选出正确的选项。例如： Can you tell me the name of the factory ________ you visited last week?
A. what B. where C. / D. when
简析：本题定语从句的主语、谓语、时间状语已具备，而visit 是个及物动词，从语义上分析，factory 作visit 的宾语。故只能选C (引导词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略）。
四、解答
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago?
2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother.
3.I’ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League.
4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired.
二、用短语来改写下面的定语从句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
________________________________________________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker
________
3.The student who is from Canada speaks French.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.