直接引语和间接引语的讲解
直接引语（Direct Speech ）：当我们引用别人的话语时，若引用的是原话，被引用的部分叫直接引语。
间接引语（Indirect Speech）：当我们引用别人的话语时，也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来，这种转述的别人说话的部分叫做间接引语。
典型例句：1. She said ,” I like English very much. “ （直接引语）
（她说：“我非常喜欢英语”。）
典型例句：2. She said she liked English very much. （间接引语）
（她说她非常喜欢英语。）
一、直接引语与间接引语的转化
A. 陈述句的间接引语
直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that 引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say , tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化，其中人称的变化与汉语的变化是一致的。
例1）J ohn said, “I’ve been late again.”
→ John said that he had been late again.
例2）She said ,”We are very fond of sports.”
→ She said that they were very fond of sports.
B. 疑问句的间接引语
1．一般疑问句
一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether ，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。
例1）My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music ?”
→ My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music.
2. 反意疑问句
反意疑问句转述为间接引语时，要把它看成是一般疑问句，即句型为陈述句，在句子前面加if 或whether ，往往后面还要加上or not，常用whether……or not.
例1）She cried, ”You have made a big mistake, haven’t you ?”
→ She cried whether I had made a big mistake or not.
3．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句
例1）She said, Don't you know my telephone number
→ She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.
例2）Do you like this one or that one Tom asked.
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one.
4．特殊疑问句
间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask 。
例1）He asked, “How do you like it ?”
→ He asked me how I liked it.
例2）She asked me, “What's the matter with you?”
→ She asked me what was the matter with me.
例3）”How many books do you have?” she asked.
→ She asked me how many books I had.
C. 祈使句的间接引语
1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request 等词，句中please 去掉。
例1）She said to me, “Please have a rest. “
→ She asked me to have a rest.
例2）”Don't all answer at once”, she said to the pupils.
→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once.
2．带有let 的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
例1）”Let's go for a walk”, said the girl.
→ The girl suggested going for a walk.
例2）The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.”
→ The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.
D. 感叹句的间接引语
1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what 或how 引导，也可用that 引导。
例1）”What a clever boy you are!” My teacher said to him.
→ My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
→ My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.
例2）She said,” How interesting the film is !”
→ She said that how interesting the film was.
2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。
例1） “Help! “he cried.
例2）”Happy Christmas!” he said.
→ He wished me a happy Christmas.
E. “Would you please „„? “ 如何变为间接引语
“ Would you please „„? “虽然是个一般疑问句，但它表示的是”请求”, 变为间接引语时，一般用动词不定式来表示。
句型：主语+ ask / invite +宾语+不定式
例1）”Would you please have lunch with me tomorrow ?” Mr Zhou asked me.
→ Mr Zhou asked / invited me to have lunch with him the next day.
二、间接引语中的词语变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
A. 时态的变化
直接引语转化为间接引语时，主句动词的时态若是过去时，间接引语的时态要变为相应的过去时态。
例1）She said ,” I like maths very much.” (一般现在时)
→ She said that she liked maths very much. (一般过去时)
例2）He said, “ I’ve never seen this man .” （现在完成时）
→ He said that he had never seen that man. （过去完成时）
例3）Joe said ,” I’m listening to music in my room.” （现在进行时）
→ Joe said that he was listening to music in his room. （过去进行时）
重要提示1 ：当引语表示一般真理或客观事实时，转化为间接引语时时态不变，并且要使用一般现在时。如：
例1）He asked, “ which star is the biggest ?”
→ He asked which star is the biggest .
例2) The teacher told us ,”The earth goes around the sun.”
→ The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.
重要提示2：当直接引语有确定的过去时间时，时态不需变化。
例1）Chloe said,” The story took place in the 1930s.”
→ Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.
B. 时间状语、地点状语和指示代词的变化
C. 方向性动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring, come 应变为take , go。 例1）My sister asked me ,”Could you bring the chairs upstairs ?”
→ My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
Exercises:
I. Choose the best answer.
1. A: What did your teacher say just now ?
B: He asked me ________ this morning.
A. how did Tom come to school B. When Tom got to school C. Why was Tom late for school
2. Tom said he ________ back in a week.
A. will come B. would come C. come
3. The policeman asked the child _________ so that he could take him home.
A. where did he live B. where he lived C. how he lived
4. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle’s farm with him.
A. how would I like B. if or not would I like
C. whether I would like D. which I would like
5. He asked ________ for the computer.
A. did I pay how much B. paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
6.---“Please close the window,” he said to me.
---He ______ me _____ the window.
A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close
7.---“I am a teacher,” Jack said.
→ He said _________.
A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher
8.---He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.”
→He _____very naughty.
A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is
C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was
9.---He asked , “ Are you a League member?”
→He asked me _________.
A. am I a League member B. was I a League member
C. if I was a League member D. whether a League member.
10.He asked, “How are you getting along?”
→He asked _______.
A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along
C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along
11.---He said, “Don’t do that again.”
→He _____ me _______ that again.
A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do
12. I wonder if he ________ tonight. If he ________, I’ll let you know.
A. will come; will come B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. comes; will come
13. Nobody knows ________ he’ll come or not.
A. that B. if C. / D, whether
14. I can’t say _________ I want to see him again. We haven’t seen each other for nearly three years.
15. After the examination, my teacher told me that failure ______ the mother of success.
A. was B. is C. be D. been
16. “You ’ ve already got well, haven’ t you？” she asked.
→She asked ________.
A. if I have already got well, hadn’ t you B. whether I had already got well
C. have I already got well D. had I already got well.
17. Excuse me， but can you tell me ___________？
A. where can I get to the library B. where I can get to the library
C. how can I get to the library D. how I can get to the library
18. I’d like to know ________ Chinese.
A. when he began to learn B. when did he begin to learn
C. when did he begin learning D. for how long he began to learn
19. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what the matter is B. what the mater was
C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter
20. Can you make sure ___________？
A. that he will come here today B. when he will come here today
C. will he come here today D. whether will he come here today
21. Do you happen to know ________？
A. where is her address B. in which place is her address
C. what her address is D. the place her address is
22. Tom asked Jack ______________ .
A. why he was so excited B. why was he so excited
C. why is he so excited D. why he is so excited
23. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. →He asked me _______.
A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film
C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film
24. What did Mike say? He said ____________________.
A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. summer comes after spring
25. You must remember _______.
A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say C. your teacher said what
26. ─Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow.
─Yes. But if it _______, we'll visit the museum instead.
A. you have/ will rain B. you will have/ will rain C. you will have/ rains
27. I don't know ________ up so early last Sunday.
A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why he got
28. She told me the sun ______ in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises
29. He asked me _______.
A. who will kick the first goal in the World Cup
B. when was the APEC meeting held
II. 将下列直接引语转化为间接引语。
1. “My parents are very well. “ said Tom.
→ ______________________________________________
2. He asked, “ Tom, where did you read it ?”
→ ______________________________________________
3. The doctor said,” Stay in bed for a few days.”
→ ______________________________________________
4. Tom said,” I woke up feeling ill.”
→ ______________________________________________
5. He said,” I’ll tell Ann I saw you.”
→ ______________________________________________
6. “ Is he doing his homework ?” Jim asked.
→ ______________________________________________
7. Do you like to make friends with us ？ He asked.
→ ______________________________________________
8. Tina said ,” I usually get up at six.”
→ ______________________________________________
9.Nell said,” I have worked out this problem.”
→ ______________________________________________
10. Joanna said,” Professor Black is going to give a lecture next week.”
→ ______________________________________________
11. The boy said,” This is the first time I have been here.”
→ ______________________________________________
12. He said: “I ’ve left my book in my room.”
→ ______________________________________________
13. The teacher said to the students, “Don ’t waste your time.”
→ ______________________________________________
14. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”
→ ______________________________________________
15. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”
→ ______________________________________________
16. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?”the young man asked.
→ ______________________________________________
17. “Light travels faster than sound.” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls. → ______________________________________________
18. “What did you do here yesterday? ”the old man asked my brother.
→ ______________________________________________
19. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”
→ ______________________________________________
20. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”
→ ______________________________________________
21. The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
→ ______________________________________________
22. “How do you like the food here?” said she.
→ ______________________________________________
23.He said, "I am proud of my motherland."
→ ______________________________________________
24. .She said to me, "Have lunch with us."
→ ______________________________________________
25. "Be careful, and don't cut your finger," he said to me.
→ ______________________________________________
26. The man asked me, "How manytimes have you been here?"
→ ______________________________________________
27. She said to her son, "Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room!" → ______________________________________________
28. I said, "I will give her some advice tomorrow."
→ ______________________________________________
29. Mary wrote in her letter, "Mr. Liu, when will you come to America?"
→ ______________________________________________
30. “You should be more careful next time，” his father said to him.
→ ______________________________________________
31. Mr. Wang said， “I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children”
→ ______________________________________________
32. “I haven’t heard from my parents these days，” said Mary.
→ ______________________________________________
33. She said to him,“ It’s time that you left here.”
→ ______________________________________________
34. Zhang Hong said to me， “Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.”
→ ______________________________________________
35. The history teacher said to them， “The Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st ，1921.”
→ ______________________________________________
36. Ann, have you seen my blue notebook?” Peter asked.
→ ______________________________________________
37. “What difference does it make?” Peter asked Jim.
→ ______________________________________________
38. “Is your father kind to you?” she often asks me.
→ ______________________________________________
39. When will you go back to work?” Mr. Smith asked.
→ ______________________________________________
40. Jane said, “What did he hear about a week ago?”
→ ______________________________________________
41. Does Mary study hard? He wants to know.
→ ______________________________________________
42. Jane asked me: “Why didn’t you write to me?”
→ ______________________________________________
43. Ice gets into water when it’s over zero. I learned.
→ ______________________________________________
44. “You must come here before five.” he said.
→ ______________________________________________
45. “I took it home with me.” she said.