定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词。中考对定语从句的考查主要是引导定语从句的关系代词、关系 副词的用法以及定语从句中谓语动词的形式。其中that/who/which用法的联系的区别是考查的重点。考查的方式多种多样,涉及中考的各个题型,以 单项选择、完形填空和句型转换为主。
一、 由关系代词that/which,who引导的定语从句
关系代词that,which 可以指物,that 和who 可以指人,其用法有如下区别:
1、 只可用that 引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much 等不定代词时。如: We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切对人民有用的事。
(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much 等修饰时。如:
You can take any seat that in free. 你可以坐任何一个空位。
(3)先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰。如:
He is the very man that I’m looking for. 他正是我正在找的那个人。
(1) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the best novel that I have read. 这是我所看过的最好的小说。
(2) 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:
This is your second time that you told us the story. 这是你第二次给我们讲这个故事了。
(3) 当先行词同时含有人和物时。如:
We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.
我们谈论我们所感兴趣的人和事。
2、 只用which 引导的定语从句:
(1) 当关系代词前使用介词时,只能用which, 不能用that. 如:
This is the train by which we went to Beijing.
这就是我们乘坐去北京的那班列车。
(2) 在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉从句,整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。如:
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world. 足球,一项非常有趣的运动,全世界的人都在踢。
3、 表示 人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone 等时要用who, 而不用that. 如:
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
有人会回答这个问题吗?
二、由关系代词引导的定语从句
定词从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句总是跟在它所修饰的先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系代词或关系副 词在定语从句中一定要作从句中的一个成分。关系代词起名词或代词的作用,关系副词起副词或介词短语的作用。
关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。作宾语时,可以省略关系代词。
1、 先行词指人时,定语从句由who,whom,that 引导,在从句中who,that 可以作主语或宾语,whom 只作宾语。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的那个人吗?
The man whom my father is talking to is Mr.Wang.
那个正和我爸爸谈话的人是王先生。
2、 先行词指物时,定语从句由which,that 引导,在从句可以作主语或宾语。如: The movie that/which I saw yesterday is very interesting.
昨天我看的那部电影很有趣。
The doll that/which can sing cost 120 yuan.
那个会唱歌的洋娃娃值120元。
3、 whose在定语从句中,只用作定语,有时它还可以同of which 互换。如:
please pass me the book whose/of which cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
二、 由关系副词引导的定语从句
1、 关系副词在定语从句中作状语,when 用在表示时间的名词后,where 用在表示地点的名词后,why 用在表示原因的名词后。when,where,why 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。如:
I still remember the day when/on which I first met him.
我依然记得我第一次遇到他的那一天。
Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.
这就是他今早迟到的理由吗?
2、 当先行词虽然表示时间、地点或原因,但关系词在从句中作主语、宾语而不是状语时,不可用when,where 或why, 而应用that 或which. 如:
Hangzhou is a city __ where ____ there is a beautiful lake.
(作状语)
Hangzhou is a city __ that/which ____ has a beautiful lake.
(作主语)
I’ll never forget the day__when____I first came to Beijing.
(作状语)
I’ll never forget the day___that/which__________we spent together.
(作及物动词spend 的宾语)
[真题导航]:
1、(2008吉林)This is the question___we are talking about now.
A.that B.who C.where D.when
2、(2008湖南长沙)What are you looking for?
I am looking for the book____I bought yesterday.
A.who B.which C.whost
3、(2008甘肃兰州)We all like the teachers_____class is interesting and creative.
A.which B.whose C.who D.that
4、(2008甘肃定西)This is the girl_____mother is an English teacher of our school.
A.that B.who C.whom D.whose
5、The man_____lives next to us is our friend.
A.which B.whom C.who
6、(2008河南)Shaolin Temple____lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.
A.where B.which C.who D.what
7、Last summer I went to Lu Xun’s hometown and visited the house_____he
was born.
A.that B.there C.which D.where
8、用关系代词或关系副词填空:
(1)Please give a hand to those___need it.
(2)That’s the reason____he couldn’t come to that important meeting.
(3)The black shirt____is on the shelf is very special
(4)She doesn’t remember the day____her son joined the army.
(5)An English-English dictionary is a book_____gives the English meaning of the word s.
(6)This is the small town____I was born.
(7)The old man____son died in the accident is very poor.
(8)The kid ____his parents are waiting for will never come back.
(9)A lot of great changes have taken place in the city in ____we live.
(10)The first thing___I want to buy with the money is a new bike.
[为你支招]:
1、A 考查定语从句。先行词the question 指物,关系词在从句中作talk about 的宾语,所以用that.
2、B 考查定语从句。先行词the book 指物,关系词在从句中作bought 的宾语,所以选which.
3、B 先行词the teacher指人,关系词在从句中作定语修饰class, 应该用whose.
4、D 先行词the girl指人,关系词在从句中作定语修饰名词mother ,所以应选D
5、C 先行词the man指人,排除A 项,关系代词在从句中作主语,用who.
6、B 考查定语从句。Shaolin Temple是地点,但先行词在从句中作主语,所以用which 不用where.
7、D 考查定语从句。the house是地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以用where.
8、(1)who/that (2)why (3)which/that (4)when (5)which/that
(6)where (7)whose (8)whom/who/that (9)which (10)that