1
如何防治玉米苗病虫害
How to prevent plant diseases and insect
pests in corn seedling 摘 要：本文主要通过介绍夏季玉米苗期病虫害的种类和相关特征,提出对夏玉米苗期进行综合防治的措施，从而促进夏玉米的安全生产。
Abstract: this paper mainly through the introduction of the types of summer corn plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling stage and related characteristics, and put forward the measure of comprehensive prevention and control of summer corn seedling stage, thus promotes the safety in production of summer maize.
关键词：夏季玉米，苗期病虫害，特征，防治。
Key words: summer corn, plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling stage, characteristics, prevention and treatment.
玉米是我国主要的粮食作物之一。近年来,随着农业种植面积与结构的不断调整,我国的玉米种植面积在进一步的扩大，其分布程度也更为广泛。据相关的调查统计表明，我国2010年全国的玉米播种面积达到了3600万hm2,集中分布在北方地区和西南几个优势产区. 在南方，云南的旱地作物主要就是夏玉米.虽然播种的面积在不断加大，但玉米的产量在各个地区却有很大的差距。造成玉米产量不稳定的原因除了品种的不同，栽培技术不一等因素以外，玉米的病虫害得不到很好的防治是其产量不稳定的关键因素。这两年影响玉米产量的主要病虫害都集中发生在玉米苗期,所以我们一定要掌握玉米苗期主要病虫害的发生特点以及防治技术，这样才能有效的减轻病虫害对玉米生产的威胁, 来提高玉米生产水平与品质。
Corn is one of the major food crops in China. In recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural planting area and the structure of, corn planting area in China in further expanding and the degree distribution is more extensive. According to the survey of relevant statistics show that China's 2010 national corn planting area of 36 million hm2, centralized distribution. Several advantages in the north and southwest region in the south, yunnan upland crops mainly is the summer corn. Though the planting area is in increasing, but the corn yield in each region has a large gap. The cause of maize yield is not stable in addition to the varieties of different, different cultivation techniques, and other factors, prevention and control of corn plant diseases and insect pests is not very good is the key factor in its production is not stable. Main pests and diseases affecting maize yield over the past two years are concentrated in the corn seedling stage, so we must grasp the corn seedling stage main plant diseases and insect pests occurrence characteristics and control techniques, so as to effectively reduce the threat of diseases and insect pests of corn production, to improve the level of corn production and quality.
1 夏玉米苗期病虫害的种类及危害。
summer corn seedling types and harms of the diseases and insect pests.
玉米苗期的病虫害是影响玉米日后生长与产量的关键因素,如果对玉米苗期的病虫害不加以防治，那么就会造成死苗，弱苗或病苗等情况，这不仅影响产量也会让农民的实际经济收益受到损失。因此,我们一定要提前做好苗期病虫害的防治工作,这是保证其产量的关键。在我省南部夏季玉米苗期，其主要的病虫害种类有： 苗枯病，根腐病， 褐斑病，病毒病( 矮
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花叶病， 粗缩病)， 地下害虫以地老虎,蛴螬,金针虫,蝼蛄等为主。
Corn seedling diseases and insect pests of corn growth and yield of the key factors in the future, if the corn seedling diseases and insect pests is not to control, so will cause dead seedlings, seedling weak seedlings or disease, etc., which not only effects production will make farmers' actual economic benefits from loss. Therefore, we must ahead of seedling diseases and insect pests prevention and control work, it is the key to ensure the production. Summer in the south of our province corn seedling stage, the main pest species have: seedling blight, root rot and leaf spot, virus disease (dwarf Mosaic disease), underground pests with cutworms, grubs, and wireworm, mole cricket, etc.
2 夏玉米苗期病虫害的识别特征。
summer corn seedling diseases and insect pests recognition characteristics.
2.1 苗枯病。玉米苗枯病主要发生在玉米苗期。其主要的表现症状是：开始先从种子根的某处或数处发生褐变，然后慢慢扩张成为一段或整个根系，从而造成根部的发育不良，根毛数量减少，初生根老化，相关皮层坏死，根部由正常色泽变为黑褐色，并会形成坏死的环状斑；叶片变黄，边缘呈现焦枯状，很容易折断，最后叶片会由上而下逐渐变干枯；产生大量的死苗或弱苗，湿度比较大的时候在病苗靠近地面的部分还可能产生白霉；危害梢轻的虽然地面上没有明显的症状显示，但是其第一、二叶的叶尖会出现发黄的现象，这种现象会慢慢向叶片的中部发展，有的危害不严重，还有可能继续生长，但危害严重的叶片就会枯死，心叶也将萎蔫，茎基部腐烂，轻轻的用手一提便可以全部拔起。
2.1 seedling blight. Maize seedling blight occurred mainly in maize seedling stage. Its main symptom is: first, from the seed root somewhere or several Browning, then slowly expands into a period of or the entire root system, resulting in the roots of stunted growth, the decrease in the number of root hair, rooting at the beginning of aging, relevant cortical necrosis, root by normal into a dark brown color, and will form the necrotic ring spot; Leaves turn yellow, edge appears withered shape, it is easy to break, the blade will get down the dry; Produces a large amount of dead plants or weak seedlings, when humidity is larger in miao part close to the ground could also produce white mildew; Light damage tip while the ground showed no obvious symptoms, but its the first and second leaf tip will appear yellowish phenomenon, this phenomenon will gradually to the blade in the middle of the development, some damage is not serious, are likely to continue to grow, but harm serious blade will die, heart leaf will wilting, basal stem rot, gently with the hand a all can pull up.
2.2 根腐病。根腐病主要是由土壤中多种病原菌所引起。其主要表现为：幼苗的中胚整个根系逐渐变为褐色、根茎变软慢慢腐烂,致使根系生长严重受阻;出现根腐病的幼苗普遍矮小,叶片发黄，最后出现死苗等现象。根腐病的病原菌主要是丝核菌与镰刀菌。由丝核菌引起的根腐病的病斑主要表现在根须上，病斑一般呈褐色,然后再逐渐的扩展,最后病害严重的会造成幼苗的干枯与死亡。由镰刀菌引起的根腐病则主要表现为根端部嫩芽附近变为深褐色，然后开始腐烂,根部组织逐渐坏死;植株的叶片尖部发黄,病害严重的时候也会导致幼苗的腐烂与死亡。
2.2 root rot. Root rot was mainly caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria in the soil. Its main performance is: the embryo in the root system of seedlings has been turned into brown, rhizome soft rot slowly, causing root growth obstructed; Root rot seedling is generally small, yellow leaves, finally appear the phenomenon such as dead plants. Root rot pathogen mainly silk
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nuclear bacteria with sickle bacteria. Caused by silk nuclear bacteria of root rot disease spot in roots, disease spot generally are brown, and then gradually expand, the serious diseases can cause seedling withered and died. Root rot caused by sickle bacteria are mainly for root end near the buds into a dark brown, and then began to decay, and root tissue necrosis gradually; Apex of yellow leaves, the plant disease can also lead to serious time seedlings of decay and death.
2.3 褐斑病。玉米褐斑病是最近几年内发生最为严重的一种病害。该病主要在幼苗期发病，但是在成株期也有发病的可能，所以不能忽视。其发病的主要症状为：开始会在叶片的尖部上出现一些黄褐色或红褐色的小斑点，这种小的病斑多半呈圆或椭圆形，有时候也会呈线形。这些小斑汇集在一起，严重时叶片会出现几段病斑或全部病斑，这些较大的褐色斑点，由于数量极大，所以经常导致叶片的干枯与死亡。
2.3 leaf spot. Corn leaf spot was happened in recent years. One of the most serious kind of disease The disease mainly in the seedling period, but on a period has come on May, so can't ignore. The main symptoms of the disease is: start will appear on the tip of the blade of some small brown or reddish brown spots, most of the small disease spot assumes the circular or elliptic, sometimes inline. These small spots together, serious when leaves will appear a few period of disease spot or all disease spot, the larger the brown spots, because the quantity is huge, so often results in dry and death of the blade.
2.4 病毒病 virus disease. Against
2.4.1矮花叶病。矮花叶病是一种常见的病毒性病害，在玉米整个生长期都会发病。发病初期，会在叶片上表现出不规则的暗绿色斑点或斑纹，然后沿着叶脉排列形成长短不同的条点，病情发展后期，叶片上的叶绿素会明显的减少，从叶尖开始出现紫红色条纹，最后叶片颜色变黄，干枯或坏死。由于这种病害感染期不一样，病情的严重程度也不一致，因此，我们一定要在早期就做好对此类病害的防治。
2.4.1 dwarf Mosaic. Dwarf Mosaic disease is a common viral diseases, in the whole corn growth period will be disease. Early onset, will be in vane irregular dark green spots or stripes, then article length along the vein to form different points, late illness development, leaf chlorophyll can significantly reduce, purple stripes, began from tip in the last leaf color is yellow, dry or necrosis. Because of this disease infection period is different, the severity of the condition is not consistent, therefore, we must be in the early prevention for such diseases.
2.4.2粗缩病。粗缩病也是在玉米生长的整个过程中都会感染上的一种病毒病，但以苗期受害最为严重。其症状表现为：开始的时候是在心叶基部产生透明的绿线条点，然后逐渐扩散到整个叶片。幼苗一旦染上这种病害，就会生长缓慢，叶片的背部叶脉上容易出现白色的隆起条纹，有明显的粗糙感。叶色浓绿，节间粗短，植株矮小，轻则出现畸形，重则后期不能结实。
.2.4.2 disease. Disease is also in the whole process of maize growth will be infected with a viral disease, but in seedling stage suffer the worst. Its symptom is: at the start of the is in heart leaf base transparent green line, and then gradually spread to the entire blade. Seedlings, once infected with the disease will slow growth, leaf blade veins prone to uplift of white stripe on the back, and have obvious rough feeling. Leaves thick, internodes short, plant small, light appear deformity, or late unfruitful
5地下害虫。 玉米苗期的地下害虫主要是：地老虎,蛴螬,金针虫,蝼蛄等，地下害虫都是通过取食植物的地下组织, 钻蛀在根茎破坏其植株本身的生长发育的，其次是叶片被咬成小
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孔、缺刻状，甚至把幼苗齐地咬断，拉入洞穴取食，严重时形成缺苗断垄。
2.5 the underground pests. Maize seedling underground pests is mainly: cutworms, grubs, and wireworm, mole cricket, underground pests is through feeding plants, underground drill decay in the growth and development of rhizome destruction of the plant itself, followed by the blade is bitten into holes, lobation, even the seedlings, bite, feeding into caves, serious when DuanLong formation of seedlings.
3 玉米苗期病虫害的综合防治措施。 针对上述这些病虫害的特点，我们对玉米苗期的病虫防治一定要采取“预防为主、综合防治”的方针,坚持早预防，早发现，早治理，采用科学有效的防治方法来减少病虫害的发生，从而保证玉米生产的实际产量与质量。
3 corn plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling stage of comprehensive prevention and control measures. According to the characteristics of these diseases and insect pests, our prevention and control of diseases and pests of corn seedling stage must adopt the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control", adhere to the early prevention, early detection, early treatment, and adopt scientific and effective method of prevention and cure to reduce the incidence of plant diseases and insect pests, so as to ensure the actual production of maize production and quality.
3.1 选用抗病品种。选择优良的抗病品种，这是解决病虫害的重要前提。优良高抗品种能有效地减轻玉米在生长过程中所遭受的病虫害，保证玉米的正常生长发育。目前我们推广的云瑞21, 云瑞9号, 罗单7号, 罗单9号, 大天6号, 海禾28, 织金3号, 楚白单4号等都是可以放心选用的优良抗病品种。
3.1 select disease-resistant varieties. Select excellent disease-resistant varieties, it is important condition to solve the diseases and insect pests. New varieties of high can effectively reduce plant diseases and insect pests in the corn has suffered in the process of growth, ensure the normal growth and development of corn. At present, we promote YunRui 21, YunRui 9, single no. 7, 9 single, big day 6, sea grass, 28, zhijin, 3 ChuBai single 4 is can rest assured choose excellent disease-resistant varieties.
3.2 推广包衣种子或药剂拌种。在玉米种植过程中，我们要不断的推广包衣种子和包衣剂，因为其含有多种有效的杀虫、杀菌成分，能起到消毒、防治病虫侵害的作用,同时其还含有一定的微量元素，能有效的刺激玉米根系生长。这样不仅能减少幼苗的患病机率，还能节省种子,增加玉米产量。
3.2 promote seed or seed dressing pharmacy. In maize planting in the process, we should continuously promote seed and BaoYiJi, because it contain a variety of effective insecticidal, bactericidal composition, can have the effect of disinfection, pest control infringement, at the same time, it also contains a certain trace elements, can effectively stimulate the corn root growth. Such not only can reduce the risk of seedlings, also can save the seeds, increase maize yield.
3.3 适当调整播种期。调整播种期也是防治玉米苗期病虫害的一个有效的方法。我们可适当的对其的播种期进行调整，提前早播可以避开病虫害的高发期，减少玉米苗的实际发病率。
3.3 adjust seeding time. Adjust seeding time is also an effective prevention and control of corn plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling stage. We can appropriate adjust its seeding time, seeding early in advance can avoid high plant diseases and insect pests, reducing the actual incidence of maize seedling.
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3.4 化学防冶 chemical and metallurgy.
3.4.1苗期虫害防治。玉米苗期常见害虫有灰飞虱、蚜虫、蓟马、瑞典蝇、玉米耕葵粉蚧、二代粘虫、各种毛毛虫等。防治方法：发生玉米耕葵粉蚧的地块每亩可用1.5％605粉剂拌过筛的细潮土或炉灰顺垄撒施，及时浇水可提高防效。瑞典蝇发生较重的地块可于玉米齐苗后3-5 d内每亩用25％快杀灵乳油45ml，或40％氧化乐果乳油1000倍液喷雾防治。防治粘虫在幼虫三龄前，心叶出现透明小斑点用药，可用25％灭幼脲三号胶悬剂每亩30~ 40g，溶于40~50 kg水中喷雾，喷施2-3 d后将粘虫杀死，其它害虫可每亩用25％辉丰快克乳油40ml或2.5％辉丰菊酯乳油25-30ml，兑水50kg喷雾；或用50％辛硫磷乳油1000-1500倍液喷雾。 3.4.2防治地下害虫。危害玉米的地下害虫包括蝼蛄、蛴螬、地老虎和金针虫等。早发现早防治。玉米苗期心叶被害率达5％时，进行喷药防治。喷施40％辛硫磷乳油1000-1500倍液。
（2）2.5％敌杀死乳油3000倍液，每亩喷施50kg要喷撒均匀，不仅喷到玉米苗上，也要喷到杂草上。
（3）撒施毒土。每亩用50％辛硫磷乳油0.1 kg，拌细砂或细土25-30 kg，在作物根旁开沟撒入药土，随即覆土，或结合锄地将药施入，可防治多种地下害虫。
3.4.1 track seedling pest control. Maize seedling stage common pests are rice planthopper, aphids, thrips, Sweden flies, maize tillage kwai mealybug, second generation armyworm, all kinds of caterpillar, etc. Prevention and cure: in corn farming kwai mealybug 1.5% per mu of land can be used 605 sieving powder mixed with fine soil or along the ridge ashes broadcast, water can improve the control effect in a timely manner. Flies the heavier parcels may be in Sweden within 3 to 5 d after good seedling emergence of corn by 25% per acre quickly kill the spirit was 45 ml, or 40% omethoate ec 1000 times liquid spray control. Prevention armyworm in front of the larval instar, the heart appears transparent small spots, available 25% show urea 3 rubber suspension agent 30 ~ 40 g per acre, in 40 ~ 50 kg water spray, spraying after 2-3 d will stick insect killing, other pests can use 25% per mu hui feng crack was 40 ml or fai FengJu ester 2.5% ec 25 to 30 ml, 50 kg/water spray; Or with 50% phoxim emulsifiable solution 1000-1500 times liquid spray.
（1）3.4.3玉米病毒病防治。灰飞虱、蚜虫是玉米病毒病的传毒媒介。玉米病毒病主要表现花叶、矮化、粗缩等症状。玉米病毒病防治可在玉米一叶一心期，每亩用20％病毒A可湿性粉剂500倍液，每7-8 d喷一次，连喷3次；或用1.5％植病灵Ⅱ号800倍液喷雾，能有效地控制病毒病，且玉米叶片浓绿，植株健壮，此外还应采取适期晚播、拔除病株、抓紧施肥浇水等农业措施进行防治。
3.4.3 maize virus disease prevention and control. Rice planthopper, aphids are maize virus disease of medium of poison. Corn, dwarf virus disease mainly Mosaic, rough and other symptoms. Maize virus disease prevention and control in maize leaf stage, with 20% virus per acre A wettable powder 500 times liquid, and once every 7-8 - d spraying, the spray 3 times; Or with 1.5% plant disease spirit Ⅱ # 800 times liquid spray, can effectively control the virus disease, and corn leaf blade thick, plants, and also should adopt in suitable late time, root out strain, grasping the fertilizing watering agricultural measures such as prevention and control.
3.5 加强田间管理,减少菌源虫源。为了有效的防止虫害对玉米苗的破坏，我们在田间管理的时候，一定要合理的进行轮作倒茬,彻底的清除病残体组织,深翻土壤,经常清除田间长出的一些杂草,发现病株立即拔除，从而从根本上减少病菌和虫卵量。同时,在使用化肥的时候，我
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们一定要推广配方施肥,只有这样才能促进玉米健康生长,增强其抗病性 。 4 总结。 总之，对于夏季玉米苗的病虫防治上面，我们一定要做到提早的防范，及时的处理。对常见的病虫害要有深入的了解，知道其特征与表现症状，一旦出现问题，切忌不可拖延耽误时间，一定要及时的治理，这样才能保证玉米健康的生长进一步提高玉米的实际产量与质量。
3.5 to strengthen field management, reduce the bacteria source insect source. In order to prevent pests of corn seedling damage, we at the time of field management, must undertake reasonable crop rotation low-toxin chemical, thoroughly remove the sick body organization, the soil of the commune, often to clear the field to grow some of the weeds, discovered promptly removed strain, thus fundamentally decrease virus and worm eggs. At the same time, in the use of fertilizers, we must promote fertilizer, only in this way can promote the growth of corn, healthy, and enhance their disease resistance. 4. Anyhow, for summer corn seedling diseases and pests prevention and control of the above, we have to do the early prevention, timely treatment. Of common diseases and insect pests have in-depth understanding, know its characteristics and symptoms, once appear problem, delay time of avoid by all means do not delay, must be timely treatment, so as to guarantee a healthy growth of corn further increase real output and quality of corn.
参考文献
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