知识点一：提纲式作文
【写作要求】
提纲类作文是近年高考书面表达的热点题型。它往往以列要点或用表格的形式呈现给考生相关信息，通常有较多的文字说明，对考生需要表达的内容有明确的要求和一定的限制。考查形式有书信、报道、通知、日记、发言稿、对某人或某物的 介绍、欢迎词等。这就要求考生在动笔之前，应该认真审题，弄清楚题目与提纲之间的关系及文章内容与提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的中心思想及各个段落的中心思想，提炼出完美的段落主题句，保证段落中的内容能够充分展开并且符合题意。
【写作步骤】
1.仔细审题，明确要求。
审读所给信息，弄清楚所要表达的内容要点，然后对所给的信息进行梳理，可根据内容要点适当调整写作顺序，使文章行文连贯。
2.列全要点，即提纲要点化，然后写作成文。
此时我们就必须在大脑中将各种信息点补充完整，适时使用高级词汇和复杂句式。要根据提示将要点表达清楚，使文章的内容完整、饱满、要点齐全，注意适当增加细节。同时注意句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间要有合理的过渡衔接。
3.检查核实，确保无误。
(2013·辽宁)一个英文网站面向中学生征稿。请你写一篇英语稿件，介绍“中秋节”及这个节日里的主要活动。
写作要点：
1.它是中国的传统节日之一；
2.家人团聚；
3.赏月、吃月饼；
4.还有旅游、访友等其他活动。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：中秋节 the Mid－Autumn Festival
农历 lunar calendar
赏月 enjoy the full moon
月饼 moon cake
【参考范文】
The Mid－Autumn Festival
As one of the traditional Chinese festivals，it has been enjoying great popularity in our country. Usually，no matter how far away or how busy we are，we will try to return home for the celebration. The moon that night looks the brightest in the whole lunar month. What we love most is the time we enjoy the full moon together. With the beautiful moon up in the sky，we sit together and eat moon cakes and fruit，sharing our stories. In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.
知识点二：图画、图表类作文
【写作要求】
图表、图画类作文是高考书面表达较常见的考查形式之一，它不仅考查考生的文字表达能力，而且也考查考生审读图表、图画的能力。此类试题往往要求考生先用英语对所提供的信息做客观的描述，然后提出自己的观点或发表评论。图表、图画类作文主要有以下几种形式：数据表格、饼形图、条形图、曲线图和看图作文。其中看图作文中图画既可以是漫画，也可以是其他图片、照片等情景材料。从写作体裁看，主要有说明文、议论文和应用文，时态一般用一般现在时。
【写作步骤】
以图画评论型作文为例说明这类作文的写作步骤，基本上可以按照以下三个步骤，分三段书写。
1.研究图画，准确描述
第一段首先要将图片中的情景进行描述，要言简意赅，不漏要点。
2.陈述现象，指明原因
第二段要说明图画中这一现象存在的社会原因，并揭示它所反映的主题，然后紧扣主题分析原因，一般列举两到三条即可。多使用第三人称。
3.联系实际，表达观点
结合自己的亲身经历对问题提出自己的观点和看法。多使用第一人称。
(2013·江苏)请根据你对以下两幅图的理解，以“Actions Speak Louder than Words”为题，用英语写一篇作文。
参考词汇： banner(横幅) stump(树桩)
你的作文应包括以下内容：
1.简要描述两幅图的内容；
2.概述你对两幅图中不同做法的理解；
3.举例说明两幅图对你的启示。
注意：1.参照图片适当发挥；
2.作文词数150左右。
Actions Speak Louder than Words
【参考范文】
Actions Speak Louder than Words
People celebrate Earth Day differently. In Picture 1，a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps，but in vain，while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.
The message conveyed here is clear：“Actions speak louder than words.”Our earth is suffering severe damage. Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect it？The answer is definitely the latter. Immediate actions should be taken，like stopping cutting down trees，to better the environment.
Actions are important in other fields，too. Instead of shouting empty slogans，it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules，stopping at the red light rather than complaining about traffic jams. Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
知识点三：应用文
【写作要求】
应用类作文是高考英语书面表达最常见的一种考查形式。此类作文接近考生的生活实际，考生有话可说，能充分考查考生的真实写作水平。常见的应用文有书信、电子邮件、通知、日记、便条、启示、演讲稿等。尤其以书信、电子邮件所占比例最大。一般情况下作文的开头及结尾部分已经给出，只要求考生写主题部分。在应用文的写作中应注意以下两个方面：
1.作文内容力求平实、简洁、准确，句子不宜过长，让读者(或听众)很容易明白文章表达的基本信息。
2.不同的文体使用不同的人称和时态，在写作中人称、时态要把握好。
【写作步骤】
下面就以书信、日记、演讲稿为例简单介绍一下它们的写作步骤：
1.书信/电子邮件
此类作文一般开头、结尾都已给出，正文可根据作文要求分段把内容表达清楚即可。
2.日记/周记
在写作时，一般先介绍活动的时间、地点、目的和内容，最后谈个人感受。
3.演讲稿
演讲稿通常包括三部分：呼语(Greeting)、正文(Body)和结束语(Closing)。写作时按这三部分的顺序表达即可。
(2013·天津)假设你是某大学的学生李津。你校英语俱乐部将选举新一届副主席，负责规划、组织俱乐部的相关活动，你欲参选。请按以下提示，写一篇竞选演讲稿。
★个人优势介绍(如性格、特长等)；
★组织校内活动的设想(如举办讲座、英语晚会等)；
★组织校际交流活动的设想(如举办辩论赛、演讲比赛等)；
★表达当选的愿望。
注意：1.词数不少于100；
2.可适当加入细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯；
3.开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：副主席vice president 竞选run for
Good afternoon，my dear friends.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ Thank you.
【参考范文】
Thanks a lot for having been given the chance to run for vice president of the English Club.
My hobby is widespread，which includes drawing，collecting stamps and so on. I am good at communicating and always ready to help others. I'm also positive and enthusiastic about new things. I have been class monitor since I came to our college，which brought me a strong ability of organization. If I become vice president，I will try my best to make the English Club attractive by organizing various activities. I will organize school－to－school activities，such as a debate and an English party. I will do what I can to enrich your lives.
There will be many challenges ahead，but I have confidence that I‘ll take on the burden. I sincerely hope you can give me a chance and I’m sure I will be a good vice president.
知识点四：开放、半开放类作文
【写作要求】
开放、半开放类作文往往给考生呈现有限的提示，留给考生更多思考的空间和自由发挥的余地。考生应仔细审题、确定文体，然后选择恰当的句式来准确表达题目要求的相关内容。这种题型旨在考查考生用英语思考的能力和在具体的语境中的英语表达能力。
【写作步骤】
1.开放类作文通常先描述显性的部分，按一定的顺序，如时间的先后或空间的推移，来组织材料。然后是隐性的部分，要紧扣主题或按照作文要求去表达，即揭示寓意，突出主题。隐性部分和显性部分一定有其必然的联系。
2.半开放类作文通常先描述材料的叙述部分。然后按材料要求对所给的要点自由发挥即可，但要符合生活实际，真实可信。
(2013·山东)假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你的美国朋友Tom一周前给你发电子邮件，询问你暑假里的打算，但你因准备期末考试未能及时回复。请根据以下要点给他回封邮件：
1.未及时回信的原因；
2.你假期的打算(如做兼职、旅行、做志愿者等)。
注意：1.词数：120～150；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
Dear Tom，
I'm sorry I couldn't reply to your email which you sent me a week ago immediately. I was so occupied with going over my lessons for my final exam. Now I am writing to tell you my plans for the coming summer holidays.
The first thing I plan to do is to do a part－time job in a fast－food restaurant. Not only will I
earn much money but I will also gain some social experience through it. In addition，I will go on a trip to Sichuan，where there are a great number of places of interest. I have been looking forward to going there for nearly a year. Finally and most importantly，I'll go to Ya'an to work as a volunteer. There is no doubt that children there are badly in need of care and help. I'll help them forget about sorrow by playing with them and telling stories. I hope what I will do will make a great difference to them.
Wish you a good holiday!
Yours，
Li Hua
附录一：必背模板
1.建议信模板
建议信一般分为三个部分：①说明建议的内容；②提出建议的原因；③指出采纳建议的好处。
Dear Bob，
I‘m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to(引出对方需要建议的主题).
Here are a few suggestions(引出作者建议)：First，it is important to...Then，it also helps to...Besides，it should be a good idea to...You can also...(根据要求用不同的句式提出建议). As to...，I suggest(需要具体到某一方面).In addition(其他的建议).I‘m sure(预测可能的结果，给对方以行动的信心和决心).
I'm looking forward to(表达愿望).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
2.邀请信模板
Dear Mr. White，
„„(开门见山地提出活动的地点和时间).It would be pleasant to have you here(表达邀请愿望).Will you give me the pleasure of your company(正式发出邀请)?
During the party time/conference，we will have lots of activities/points you will be interested in(开始介绍活动的内容).First(介绍要举行的活动一).Second，(介绍要举行的活动二).I know/believe you will be very interested...(引出受邀请人参加的理由).First/For one thing...(希望受邀请人参加的理由一).Second/For another...(希望受邀请人参加的理由二).The party/conference would not be completed without you(总结受邀请人参加的必要性)!
The party time/conference will begin at...(提出活动的地点).Is it possible for us to meet at the...(提出具体约定时间)？We do hope you can come...(再一次发出邀请).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
3.感谢信模板
Dear Bob，
I'm now writing to express my sincere thanks for...(直接表达谢意).I'd like you to know how much your...(表达自己非常珍惜对方的付出或礼物)meant to me. You have a positive genius for...(对对方的赞美).I not only enjoyed...，but also...(表述对方的恩惠对自己的影响).
I...(介绍自己的近况).I hope to have the opportunity of...(表达出自己希望有回报的机会).Would you kindly let me know...(询问对方是否有时间)？I will feel very honored and pleased if you have time to...(表达自己回报的心情).How nice it would be to see you again.(提出希望下次见面的愿望！)
earn much money but I will also gain some social experience through it. In addition，I will go on
a trip to Sichuan，where there are a great number of places of interest. I have been looking
forward to going there for nearly a year. Finally and most importantly，I'll go to Ya'an to work as
a volunteer. There is no doubt that children there are badly in need of care and help. I'll help
them forget about sorrow by playing with them and telling stories. I hope what I will do will
make a great difference to them.
Wish you a good holiday!
Yours，
Li Hua
附录一：必背模板
1.建议信模板
建议信一般分为三个部分：①说明建议的内容；②提出建议的原因；③指出采纳建议的好
处。
Dear Bob，
I‘m glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to(引出对方需要建议的主题).
Here are a few suggestions(引出作者建议)：First，it is important to...Then，it also helps
to...Besides，it should be a good idea to...You can also...(根据要求用不同的句式提出建议).
As to...，I suggest(需要具体到某一方面).In addition(其他的建议).I‘m sure(预测可能的结果，
给对方以行动的信心和决心).
I'm looking forward to(表达愿望).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
2.邀请信模板
Dear Mr. White，
„„(开门见山地提出活动的地点和时间).It would be pleasant to have you here(表达邀请愿
望).Will you give me the pleasure of your company(正式发出邀请)?
During the party time/conference，we will have lots of activities/points you will be interested
in(开始介绍活动的内容).First(介绍要举行的活动一).Second，(介绍要举行的活动二).I
know/believe you will be very interested...(引出受邀请人参加的理由).First/For one thing...(希
望受邀请人参加的理由一).Second/For another...(希望受邀请人参加的理由二).The
party/conference would not be completed without you(总结受邀请人参加的必要性)!
The party time/conference will begin at...(提出活动的地点).Is it possible for us to meet at
the...(提出具体约定时间)？We do hope you can come...(再一次发出邀请).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
3.感谢信模板
Dear Bob，
I'm now writing to express my sincere thanks for...(直接表达谢意).I'd like you to know how
much your...(表达自己非常珍惜对方的付出或礼物)meant to me. You have a positive genius
for...(对对方的赞美).I not only enjoyed...，but also...(表述对方的恩惠对自己的影响).
I...(介绍自己的近况).I hope to have the opportunity of...(表达出自己希望有回报的机
会).Would you kindly let me know...(询问对方是否有时间)？I will feel very honored and
pleased if you have time to...(表达自己回报的心情).How nice it would be to see you again.(提
出希望下次见面的愿望！)
I repeat my thanks again for...(再次表示感谢).Please give my kind regards to your...(最后表达
真挚的祝福).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
4.道歉信模板
Dear Bob，
I am excessively sorry to say/tell you that...(直接说出道歉事由).Now I am writing you this
letter of apology to show my deep regret. Please accept my sincere apology. I hope you will
understand me and excuse me for...(请求对方原谅的事由).
The reason for my delay/absence was that...(过失的原因).I had no way out because(自己当时
的处境和情况).Therefore it‘s not in my power to...(过失导致的结果).
Naturally，I want to suggest...(建议下次再实现愿望).
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
5.求职信
，
I have learnt from yesterday‘s newspaper that you are employing a/an .I wish to
be considered as an applicant for the position，and beg to state my qualifications as follows：
I am years old，a senior student of ，majoring
in .During my academic years，I have shown excellent performance and have
been awarded first－class scholarship each year. In addition to my educational background，I
have the rich work experience in the fields of ，I believe I can be of
great value to your company.
Enclosed is my resume for your reference，and I shall be glad to call at your office if you desire
an interview. Thank you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
6.观点对比类作文
The topic about sides of opinions about it.
Some students prefer to consider (做某事).(Some students say their favorite.) They think that (理由一). What‘s more，理由
二).Moreover， (理由三).
However，others believe ， (理由一). Next，理由二).In addition，理由三).
From my point of view，the former is surely a wise choice. The reason is that far as I am concerned，I firmly support the view that ).
7.图表数据类作文
As everybody can see，图表主题).The first
图表最大特点).This means that (进一步说明).
We can see from the statistics given that (图表细节一). The figures also show us
(图表细节二).
现象、变化或问题).For one thing(原
因一). For another，(原因二).Most importantly，原因三).
Judging from these figures，提出解决问题的办法或发出倡议).
8.批驳观点类作文
.They say ，
but one vital point is being left out—.
Frankly，it seems to me we cannot ignore the fact
，； however， may give rise to a series of problems—for example.
All in all，in my personal opinion，
9.看图说话(今昔对比类)作文
Just as is vividly described in the pictures，quite a few changes have taken place in in the recent years. In the past，(介绍过去的情况).But now ever since things have begun to improve. For example，说明现在的变化).Much to our
delight，.
In a word，.
10.社会问题(现象)作文
Nowadays，讲述
社会或环境问题) .
The negative effects of it can be shown in the following aspects. In the first place，...In the
second place，...Last but not least...(谈论其危害或负面作用)
It‘s high time we did something about this. Firstly，...Secondly，...And the most important of
all，...(谈建议和措施)
Only in this way can we create a more beautiful and harmonious world.
附录二：高考英语作文中最常引用的名言名句
(1)Hard work can lead to success while laziness will result in failure.勤奋可引向成功而懒惰会
导致失败。
(2)Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
(3)Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
(4)Rome is not built in a day.
(5)Practice makes perfect.
(6)It‘s never too old to learn.活到老学到老。
(7)Action speaks louder than words.行动胜过语言。
(8)No pains, no gains.
(9)Every coin has two sides.
(10)Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊。
(11)All roads lead to Rome.
(12)A friend in need is a friend indeed.
(13)Easier said than done.
(14)Self－trust is the first secret of success.
(15)Saving is getting.节约就是获得。
(16)Do as Romans do in Rome.
(17)Live not to eat, but eat to live.
活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭是为了活着。
(18)It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
(19)Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
无热情成就不了伟业。
易错点1 词性混用或选词搭配不当
【典例】
①(误)60% of the students against the idea of entrance fees.
(正)60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees.
②(误)Tom was in such a hurry that he forgot his schoolbag on the bus.
(正)Tom was in such a hurry that he left his schoolbag on the bus.
突破指南
在平常的学习中，应把每种词性在句中作的成分、有什么样的搭配搞清楚。词汇和短语应多积累。
易错点2 无关联词/多关联词
【典例】
①(误)I am tired，I must go to bed.
(正)I am tired，so I must go to bed.
②(误)Although I am thin，but I am strong.
(正)Although I am thin，I am strong.
突破指南
英语句子的特点之一重“形合”，句子的各个部分由各种关联词连在一起。而汉语句子重“意合”，句子前后连接主要是通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现，很多人在写作时往往忽略这一点造成句子的错误。
易错点3 句子缺乏连贯性或时态混乱
【典例】
①(误)Rose falls in love with John is in love with Mary.
(正)Rose falls in love with John，while John is in love with Mary.
②(误)I am very glad to receive your letter just now.
(正)I was very glad to receive your letter just now.
突破指南
句子无论长短，在安排上要合乎逻辑，衔接自然，使句子之间过渡自然、层次分明。同时避免出现时态混乱、未用过渡词语、非平行结构和语意不完整的分割句等错误。
易错点4 标点符号误用
【典例】
①(误)《China Daily》 is a great help to the English learners.
(正)China Daily is a great help to the English learners.
②(误)Li Ping is not old enough，he can not join the army.
(正)Li Ping is not old enough.He can not join the army./Li Ping is not old enough to join the army.
突破指南
英语无书名号，报刊、书名等单词首字母大写，或斜体；一般情况下，一个主谓结构就构成一个英语句子，句末应用句号。