高中英语语法—句子成分
英语语法分为___________和____________。
1． 词法
词法是指语法中介绍词的种类、词形变化以及词的用法等内容的部分。 1.1 词类
英语按照词义、词形及其在句子中的功用可分为十大类别，即：名词，_________，形容词，_________，__________，数词，__________，介词，________和__________。这十大类词还可以简便的归属两大范畴：____________和_____________。 _____________：名词，动词，形容词，副词，代词，数词 _____________：冠词，介词，连词，感叹词
顾名思义，实义词具有一定的词汇意义，在句子中可以独立担任成分，如主语，定语，状语等；而结构词，有时又称作功能词，主要起结构和功能作用，表示词与词之间或句子与句子中各个部分之间的关系，以及帮助构成各种时态、语态和语气等。 1.2 各词类的作用和语法功能
2.1．句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，____________，表语，__________，补语，___________，状语, ____________。 2.1.1主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，它是动作的_____________，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词___________。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
请划出下列句子中的主语并说明该主语由什么词充当：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
We often speak English in class.
One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor.
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
2.1.2谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，由__________或___________充当。
请划出下列句子中的谓语并说明该谓语由什么词充当： We study math and English at school. 2.1.3表语
表语用以说明主语的__________、____________、__________和____________。它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, see, sound, smell, taste, remain等）之后。表语一般由名词、__________、形容词、_________、数词、__________、___________、介词短语、副词及__________等充当。
请划出下列句子中的表语并说明该表语由什么词充当： Our English teacher is an American.
Is it yours?
The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one. His job is to teach English.
His hobby（爱好）is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over.
The truth is that he has never been abroad. My watch is gone / missing / lost.
2.1.4宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，它是动作的____________，跟在______________或________之后。宾语可以是_________、代词、__________，__________、动词不定式或动词词组、__________________以及从句等。请划出下列句子中的宾语并说明该宾语由什么词充当：
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for the job. Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
[注] 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫____________，指物的叫_____________。例如：他给了我一些墨水。翻译：____________________________________ 2.1.5补语
补充说明主语或宾语，说明其名称，特征，状态或所做的动作等，通常由_________，__________等充当。补充说明宾语的成分被称为________________，简称“宾补”；宾补和宾语一起构成__________________。补充说明主语的成分被称为__________________，简称“主补”，主补和主语一起构成______________。
请划出下列句子中的宾语并说明该宾语由什么词充当： We make him our monitor.
The house was painted white. His father named him John. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now. Your friend comes to school very upset. He went to bed last night cold and hungry. Don’t let him do that. I’ll have my bike repaired.
2.1.6定语
在句中修饰_____________或____________的词、短语或从句称为定语。请划出下列句子中的定语并说明该定语由什么词充当：
Guilin is a beautiful city.
China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers is our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.
I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor. The man over there is my old friend.
2.1.7状语
修饰__________，___________，____________或__________的成分叫做状语。请划出下列句子中的状语并说明该状语由什么词充当： Light travels most quickly.
He has lived in the city for ten years.
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. He is in the room making a model plane. Wait a minute.
Once you begin, you must continue.
状语种类如下：（请注明以下状语的类型）
How about meeting again ?
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party . I shall go there Mr Smith lives She put the eggs into the basket . She came in .
, I must work harder. He was so tired . She works very hard . I am taller .
I like some of you . He goes to school 2.1.8同位语
同位语对主语、表语、宾语等进行解释，使其_____________。同位语通常由__________、代词、数词、_______________等充当。
请划出下列句子中的同位语并说明该同位语由什么词充当： John’s uncle is a teacher, a physics teacher.
My father, a doctor, is very kind.
2.2. 简单的基本句型
主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。 2.2.1. 主语 ＋ 谓语
本结构是由“主语+_________________________”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。该句型的主语可有修饰语（定语），谓语也可有修饰语（状语）。
请划出下列句子中的主语和谓语： 1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3. We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, reading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating.
6. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up. 7. She went home very late yesterday evening. 8. The meeting will last two hours.
9. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
10. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 11. Classes begin at eight every day. 12. This box weighs five kilos. 13. I lived in Beijing five years ago. 14. In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 15. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.
16. Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books. 2.2.2. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语
此结构是由“主语+__________________+宾语”构成。 请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语和宾语： 1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They haven’t decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the dam. 6. Mother promises to give me a present. 7. She likes English.
8. The young should take good care of the old.
2.2.3. 主语 ＋ 连系动词 ＋ 表语
本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：
（1）表示特征和存在状态的：_________________________________________________等； （2）表示状态延续的：_______________________________________________________等； （3）表示状态变化的：_______________________________________________________等。 请划出下列句子中的主语、系动词和表语： She is happy.
He fell off his bike and got hurt. His advice proved right.
Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Their boss seems satisfied with the work. Deep water stays still.
2.2.4. 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
第一类：bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助to的） 第二类：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。（需借助for 的） 请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语、间接宾语和直接宾语： 1. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3. Would you please pass me the dictionary? 4. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 5. Shall I call you a taxi?
6. The new machine will save you a lot of labor.
7. He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary. 8. He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. 9. She bought John a book.
2.2.5. 主语 ＋ 谓语（及物动词）＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，____________，介词短语，_______________，__________等。
请划出下列句子中的主语、谓语、宾语和宾补： She makes her mother angry. The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on. We call her Alice.
All of us considered him honest. They have set the thief free.
Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We won’t let her go out at night.
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语中常用的句型结构。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 2.2.6. There be 句型
此句型是由 “there + be + _____________ + 其它成分” 构成，用以表达某地存在有什么。它其实是________的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词___________之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，
现在有 there is / are … 过去有 there was / were…
将来有 there will be…/ there is / are going to be... 现在已经有 there has / have been… 可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/ there must have been... 过去一直有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …
此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。如： There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for “help”.
There must have been a village here. There lies a book on the desk.
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词，也可以是各种类型的短语或句子。 例如：
1. We found the hall full.
2. We found the great hall full of students and teachers.
3. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
4. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a reporter from the People’s Daily on education.
定语的位置：单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修饰词之后。
The school library has many books on history. I like the book you sent me.
His sister works in the hospital nearby. 状语的位置：
修饰形容词或副词的状语，一般放在被修饰词之前；修饰动词的状语大部分放在动词之后，有些表示时间频度的副词(often, usually, seldom, always, constantly), 放在实义动词之前, 助动词、连系动词、情态动词之后。还有一些可放在句首或句末。地点状语放在时间状语之前，小地点放在大地点之前，小时间放在大时间之前。
I know him well.
I like the movie very much.
The students often have discussion on current affairs. Do you really want it?
I hope Jim will come to Switzerland in the summer. 2.2.7. 句子的种类
句子可以从两种角度来分类:
1) 根据句子的用途来分, 英语的句子有下列几种:
一) 陈述句: 用来陈述一件事情，一个情况，一种看法。 I like music. 我喜欢音乐。 Mr. Dix came to our university to teach English. 迪克斯先生来我们学校教英语。 二) 疑问句: 向对方(听众)提出问题的句子就叫疑问句,一般需对方作出回答。 What do you want? I want a book. How old are you? I'm ten tears old.
Are you Mr. Smith?
三) 祈使句: 用来发出请求, 命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句一般需对方作出行为动作,祈使句需要以动词原形开头. Come here, please. 请过来。
Come to my office immediately. 马上到我的办公室来。
四) 感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。 What an interesting story it is! 多有趣的故事啊! How beautiful your sweater is! 你的毛衣多漂亮啊！ 2) 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:
一) 简单句: 句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子叫做简单句。 I study English every day. 我天天学习英语。
Lucy and Lily went shopping yesterday. 露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西。
二)并列句: 由连接词或 " ; "把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整,不受其他简单句的影响。
These flowers are white and those flowers are red。 这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。 I am a worker but my brother is a professor. 我是一个工人，但是我的兄弟是个教授。
三) 复合句: 句子中含有从句的句子叫做复合句。 I know it's difficult to master English well. 我知道学好英语不容易。
Can you tell me how many students there are in your class?
你能告诉我你们班里有多少学生吗？
句子成分练习题（一）
英译汉
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 划出句中谓语的中心词
① The days get longer and longer when summer comes. ② There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. ③ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? ④ What I want to tell you is this. ⑤ Whom did you give my book to? (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
② Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ③ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ④ They made him monitor of the class.
⑤ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑥ You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑦ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分练习题( 二 )
（一）一句多译
1.他宁愿工作，也不愿在家休息。
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2. 虽然他累了，但他继续工作。
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3. 他决不是傻子。
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4. 这个城市是那个城市的三倍那么大。
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5. 那个男孩为祖国献出了自己的生命。
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6. 天下雨了，我们出不去。
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7. 他只有服从命令别无选择。
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8. 这个问题值得讨论。
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9. 卓别林被认为是最滑稽的演员之一。
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10. 我打开窗户好吗？
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参考答案：
1. He would rather work than have a rest at home.//He prefers to work than have a rest at home . He prefers working to having a rest at home.
2. Though / Although he was tired, he went on working.//Tired as / though he was, he went on working. He was tired, but he went on working.
3. He is anything but a fool.//He is not a fool at all. He is far from being a fool.//He is by no means a fool.
4.This city is three times as large as that one.//This city is three times the size of that one. This city is twice larger than that one.
5. The boy devoted his life to his country.//The boy died for his country. The boy gave / lost his life for his country.
6. The rain prevented us （from）going out.//The rain stopped us （from）going out. The rain kept us from going out.
7. He could do nothing but obey the order.//He had no choice but to obey the order.
There was nothing left for him to do but obey the order.//All he had to do was obey the order. 8. This problem is worth discussing.//This problem is worthy of discussion.
This problem is worthy of being discussed.//This problem is worthy to be discussed. It is worthwhile discussing /to discuss this problem.
9. Chaplin is considered to be one of the funniest actors.//Chaplin is regarded as one of the funniest actors. Chaplin is known as one of the funniest actors.//Chaplin is looked on as one of the funniest actors. 10. Do you mind if I open the window?//Would you mind if I open the window ? Would you mind my / me opening the window? （二）拓展句子
1.我们发现礼堂坐满了。
2.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。
3.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。
4.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。
参考答案：
1. We found the hall full.
2. We found the great hall full of students and teachers.
3. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.
4. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People’s Daily on current affairs in East Europe.