潜水作业 Underwater Work适用范围scope of application
本作业指导书适用于本公司接受的顾客委托的潜水作业。This instruction is suitable for underwater work operations by customer authorized in the company.
2 潜水方式diving mode
采用轻潜作业。Light weight diving.
3 设备和工具equipment and tools
3.1 轻潜水装具：有开放式、密闭循环式及再生循环式，目前常用开放式。 Equipment of Light weight diving: open, closed cycle and regeneration cycle, open used commonly at current.
(1) 水面供气轻潜水装具：Equipment of light weight diving supplied by the air surface:
A 、KMB —28型轻潜水装具KMB - 28 type equipment of light weight diving: — 轻潜头盔组（即头盔整体）Helmet team of light weight diving (whole helmet) 头盔主要由头盔本体、五角带、提手、面部衬托、面窗、鼓鼻器、口鼻罩、面罩披风、通讯系统等零部件组成。The helmet is mainly composed of a helmet body, pentagon belt, handle, face support, visor, drum nasal mask, mask, mask cloak, communication system and other parts.
— 潜水服组轻潜的潜水服有湿式、干式或热水式几种：Light weight diving suits divide into wet, dry or hot water suit: 湿式潜水服适用于春末至初秋这段时间的浅水潜水作业。干式潜水服是可以充气，将人体与水完全隔绝，一般用于温带地区深秋至初春这段时间的常规潜水。热水式潜水服适用于深潜水和严寒区潜水。Wet diving suit is suitable for underwater work in this period of late spring or early autumn in the shallow water. Dry diving suit can be inflated, isolated the body with water, generally used for diving in late autumn or early spring. Hot diving suit is suitable for deep diving and diving in cold region.
— 软管组（DSUS —700）包括脐带、供气控制台、应急气瓶（一般是单瓶）与一级减压器、供气控制台与低压气源连接的低压软管、供气控制台与高压气源连接的高压软管。其中脐带由供气管、加强缆和通讯电缆组成，每隔 0.4m 用胶带绑扎。- Hose team (DSUS - 700) including the umbilical cord, gas console, emergency bottle (usually a single bottle) is connected with a pressure reducer, connected with low-pressure hose from gas console and low-pressure gas source, connected with high-pressure hose from gas console and
high-pressure gas source. The umbilical cord is composed of gas supply pipes, strengthen the cable and communication cable, taped every 0.4m.
3.2 供气系统Gas supply system
（1） 空气压缩机：供气量和气体压力较高，可供空气潜水允许的任何深度使用，选用时，必须同实际潜水工作的用气量相适应。The air compressor: gas supply and higher gas pressure for air diving allowed to use any depth, gas consumption must adapt to the actual diving in use.
（2）储气瓶：潜水员水下呼吸一般不使用直接从空气压缩机输出的压缩空气，而先将压缩空气储入耐压容器——储气瓶，再由储气瓶经过滤器供给潜水员，既能降低温度，又便于集中使用空气。Gas cylinders: generally divers underwater do not breathe directly from the output of compressed air in the air compressor, but the compressed air into the pressure container -- gas cylinders, to supply divers through the cylinders by the filter, to reduce the temperature on the use of collected air.
（3）空气过滤器：指经两级过滤器的空气净化装置。其中第一级装置为油水分离器，用以分离所供气体内含油成份；第二级装置内装活性炭或棉蕊，用以过滤所供气体中的化学杂质成份。The air filter: refers to air purifying device through the two stage filter. The first stage device, for oil-water separator, is used to separate oil from the gas composition; second stage device loaded activated carbon or cotton core, is used to filter the chemical impurities in the gas.
3.3 潜水附属器材diving accessory equipment
（1）通讯设施：一般使用电话进行水上水下信息交流沟通，电话有故障时，应立即出水。Communication facilities: generally telephone used in underwater information communication, once the telephone is at fault, divers should be out of water immediately.
（2） 保暖衣：包括绒衣、毛线衣、毛线帽、毛线袜以及衬衣等，由潜水工个人保管，注意保持清洁。Warm clothes including the wool, sweaters, shirts, sweater hat and socks, are kept by the divers cleanliness.
4 实施步骤：Implementation steps:
4.1 潜水前的准备工作The preparatory work before diving
（1）制定潜水作业实施方案the implementing plan of underwater work 潜水计划的制订，首先要认真调查作业现场的水文、气象、水流、水底底质等情况，依据任务性质和潜水作业量，准备相应的人力和装备、器材，制订潜水作业实施方案。全面分析潜水作业中的各种情况，制订出行之有效的安全措施。对医务保证和其它有关部
门也要提出必要的要求，制定潜水作业方案，确保潜水作业顺利进行。Making the plans of diving, we should firstly investigate hydrology, meteorology, water flow, the bottom
sediment conditions the job site, according to the task and the diving operation, to prepare the corresponding manpower, outfit, equipment, equipment, to make diving operation scheme. The comprehensive analysis of all kinds of diving operations, it plans effective safety
measures. The necessary requirements, to ensure the smooth progress of diving operation, is draw up in medical guarantee and other relevant departments in the diving program,.
（2）任务交底：讲清潜水任务、性质、要求及可能出现的问题和所采取的措施等。The task clarification: clarifying the diving missions, characteristics, requirements and the possible problems and measures.
（3）组织分工Division
每组织一次下潜，其人员一般分工如下：Organization in each diving team, the general division of the team as follows:
— 潜水长1 人，负责组织领导并作为预备潜水员负责救护；One diving team leader,
is responsible for the organization and leadership as a stand-by rescue diver;
— 潜水监督一名，负责施工现场潜水作业安全监控；One diving supervisor, is
responsible for diving security monitoring on site;
— 下潜人员一名，称潜水员；One worker carried underwater work is called a diver; — 掌管电话人员一名，称电话员；One telephone operator is in charge of phone; — 机电员一名，负责现场空压机等设备，称机电员；One mechanical technicians, is
responsible for the air compressor; — 掌管软管一名，称扯管员或脐带员；One hose or umbilical cord operator, is in charge of the hose pulling or umbilical cord;
4.2 潜水的现场器材准备和检查Prepare and check equipment on site
（1）潜水器材设备的准备diving equipment preparation
在展开潜水作业前，潜水长应将潜水所需设备备齐并了解水深、流速、水温、气象、供电、供气、夜间照明灯等的备用情况。Before the diving, diving team leader shall prepare diving equipment and know the standby situation of water, flow velocity and water
temperature, weather, power supply, gas supply, night lighting etc..
（2）对潜水装具进行准备与检查Prepare and check diving outfit
— 潜水头盔和软管：查看头盔外形是否良好，面窗、排气阀和安全阀是否灵活气密，有无阻滞现象，气流通过时有无噪音、异味。软管、电话线有无损坏和变形。Diving helmet and hose: view the whether helmet shape is good, visor, the exhaust valve and safety
valve is flexible airtight or block phenomenon, when whether there is noise, the smell by air flow, whether the hose, telephone line has damage and deformation. — 潜水衣、保暖衣、水下专用工具：主要检查潜水衣有无破裂、补钉是否脱落和有无严重磨损，领口、袖口胶质有无变质磨损，专用工具是否齐全完好。Diving suit, warm clothing, underwater special tool: check whether the diving suit has rupture, patch is off and there is serious wear, whether neckline and cuffs’ colloid have metamorphic wear, special tools are completely in good condition.
— 潜水鞋、压铅、脚蹼：主要检查潜水鞋拉链，脚蹼带有无损坏。Diving shoes, laden belt, flippers: check the diving shoes’ zipper, shoe lace with no damage.
— 潜水电话、配气盘：主要检查电话通话性能，仪表误差、气阀是否灵活，以及通气情况等。Diving telephone, gas distribution disk: check the phone performance, instrument error, the valve flexibility and ventilation. 4.3 潜水员着装A diver dressing
潜水员的正确着装是保证潜水员水下作业安全和完成任务的重要因素。因此，每个潜水员必须明确人员的分工和职责，以及着装的位置和程序，才能稳、准、快的进行着装。潜水装具的着装方法与步骤:
The dress is an important factor to ensure divers' safety and complete the task. Therefore, each diver must clear division of work and responsibilities, and dressing location and
procedures by steady, correct, fast dressing. The method and steps of dressing of diving outfit:
⑴ 穿潜水衣: 由电话员员、扯管员负责协助潜水员穿潜水衣。To wear a diving suit: the telephone and hose operators assist divers to wear a diving suit.
⑵ 穿潜水鞋、脚蹼：潜水员穿好潜水衣时，由电话员、扯管员负责协助潜水员穿潜水鞋和脚蹼。The wear of diving shoes and flippers: after wearing diving suits, the telephone and hose operators assist divers to wear diving shoes and flippers.
⑶挂压铅：由扯管员负责协助潜水员挂压铅。The laden belt hanging: hose operator assists divers to hang laden belt.
⑷ 戴轻潜头盔：潜水员着装完毕后，由电话员和扯管员负责协助潜水员戴头盔。To wear the light weight diving helmet: Divers dressed, after wearing diving suits, the telephone and hose operators assist divers to wear light weight diving helmet.
4.4潜水员的基本动作要点：Basic action points:
— 当潜水员在下潜过程中感到头痛、恶心、兴奋、耳膜痛时，应立即停止下潜，并向水面报告，然后进行通风，做吞咽、鼓鼻等动作，以适应高压环境。如症状仍未消失，可上升 2～3m ，继续上述动作，直至症状消失后才可慢慢下潜 。 如经各种努力仍未排除症状则应请示出水。When divers dive into water in feeling of headache, nausea, excited, ear pain, it should immediately stop the diving, and report to the person on the surface, and then do the ventilation, swallow, drum nasal action in order to adapt to the high pressure environment. If the symptoms do not disappear, diver rises up to 2 ~ 3M to repeat the action until the symptoms disappeared, then slowly descends. If through the effort it has not ruled out symptoms, diver should consult out of water.
⑴ 潜水员的潜水长对着装情况进行详细检查，确认无误方可下达“下潜”的口令。 The diving team leader confirms no error and issued the word "dive" after detailed
examination of the dressing.
— 扯管员接到可以下潜的口令后，准备好脐带放入水中，由电话员通知潜水员下潜 ，潜水员接到下潜通知，准备下潜就位，这时电话员、扯管员应很好协助，并做好随时拉住潜水员的准备，直至潜水员入水获得正浮力为止。The hose operators after receiving command of diving, ready for the umbilical cord into the water, when get diving notice, diver jumps into water by the telephone operator informed, with coordination of the telephone and hose operator who ready to pull divers until diver gets the positive buoyancy.
— 潜水员到达水面后，调节供气量，检查气密，确认气密良好，可以下潜。水面同意下潜后，潜水员应排气，以造成适当的浮力，开始下潜。下潜的速度可根据自己身体的适应程度来决定，新潜水员一般为每分钟 5～10m 。 下潜过程中电话员注意收听潜水员的反应，并随潜水员下潜深度的增加而及时补充气量，扯管员要适当放长软管。The divers can dive, after reaching the surface, adjusting the amount of gas and checking the leak tightness. After air exhaust to make appropriate buoyancy, diver begins to dive. Dive descending speed is determined according to the adaptation of his body, generally speed 10m every 5 minutes. The telephone operator listens for the diver's reaction in the process of diving, increasing and replenishing the gas volume with diver’s depth, to lenghten the hose appropriately by hose operator.
— 当潜水员在下潜过程中感到头痛、恶心、兴奋、耳膜痛时，应立即停止下潜，并向水面报告，然后进行通风，做吞咽、鼓鼻等动作，以适应高压环境。如症状仍未消失，可上升 2～3m ，继续上述动作，直至症状消失后才可慢慢下潜 。 如经各种努力仍未排除症状则应请示出水。When divers dive into water, divers feel headache, nausea, excited, ear pain, it should immediately stop the diving and report to the person on the surface, and then ventilate, swallow, drum nasal action in order to adapt to the high pressure environment. If the symptoms do not disappear, diver can rise up to 2 ~ 3M to repeat the action until the
symptoms disappear before slowly descending. If it has not ruled out symptoms by the effort, diver should consult out of water.
— 当潜水员到位时，下潜速度应当减慢，然后观察周围情况，调整好供气量，即
向水面报告：水底水流、视度以及主观感觉情况等。When descending in place, diver should slow down the speed, observe the surroundings, adjust the consumption of gas supply, and report to the supervisor on the surface: current underwater, visibility and subjective feeling etc.
⑵ 潜水员在水底The divers underwater
— 潜水员到水底报告情况后，清理好软管、行动绳，辩别好方向和水流，请示水面到达工作地点或沿行动绳行动。有流情况下，一般应顶流或者侧流行动，如流急也可采取侧退行动，通常不准顺流而下。After reporting in the bottom, diver clean up the hose, distance liner, identify the orientation and flow, ask for instruction from the surface to work place or move along the distance line. On the condition of current, generally diver should take action against the current or by side stream, such as jet stream also taken back by side stream, usually not down stream.
— 水底行动中如发现与作业无关的障碍物、深坑、深洞时应绕行，如不能绕行则必须从障碍物的上面通过时，超过障碍物后必须认真检查清理软管，进坑和进洞时，必须先脚后身，并随时向水面报告情况。It is found that irrelevant obstacles, deep pit, deep hole during the task underwater unrelated to job, diver should make the round, in case no bypass, must pass from the above obstacles to carefully check and clean hose, while into the pit or the hole, diver must foot go deep into firstly, and report to the supervisor on the surface at any time. — 当潜水员由于种种原因被绞缠时，应及时向水面详细汇报、冷静处理，严禁自行解
脱头盔、脐带，特殊情况除外，如潜水员自己无法解脱可请求援助。 When divers were twisted due to various reasons, it should be timely treatment and report details to the supervisor on the surface calmly, to forbid helmet taken off , umbilical cord, except exceptional circumstances such as the divers themselves unable to escape and request the assistance.
— 当潜水员在水下发现头晕出汗，呼吸困难心跳加快以及面窗出现水雾等情况时，应停止工作，向水面报告，并要求通风和进行适当的休息，待症状消失后，方可继续工作。
潜水员在水下不得随意触动无关物件和水生物。When divers found dizziness, sweating, breathing difficulty, heartbeat speeded up and water spray on visor under water, diver should stop working, and report to the supervisor on the surface, and ventilation and proper rest
required, which can continue to work after the symptoms disappeared. The diver cannot touch irrelevant objects and aquatic organisms in the water.
⑶ 潜水员出水The diver above surface. — 潜水员接到准备出水通知时，应停止作业，迅速整理作业场并清理好软管，将专用工具放在适应位置，按原来路线返回入水绳处，然后向水面报告，同时做好出水的准备。出水通知是由电话员在潜水员离底前 2～3 分钟下达的。 Diver should stop the operation when receiving notice out of water, rapid finishing operation and cleaning up the hose on site, special tool put in place, return back according to the
original route by distance liner, and then report to the supervisor on the surface, ready for well preparation out of the water. It is ordered by the telephone operator in the notice of divers off bottom before 2 ~ 3 minutes.
— 当水面下达“出水”口令后，潜水员应用手抓住入水绳，调整气量，两脚盘在入水绳上慢慢上升，离底时必须向水面报告。上升的速度一般不超过 7～8m/分, 严禁加速上升或放漂，在上升的过程中，要做好随时停止上升的准备，如无入水绳潜水员应手心朝上防止头盔撞击，观察周围环境防止绞缠跟随自己吐出的最小气泡缓慢上升，严禁打脚蹼快速上升，特殊情况除外。After the telephone operator issues a "above surface", the divers catch the entering water line the by hand, adjust the air volume, two leg wrapped and rose up slowly through the water rope from the bottom to the surface, report to the supervisor on the surface before away from water. The rising speed is not more than 7 ~ 8m/mins, strictly prohibited to accelerate the rise or drift, diver is ready for stopping rising in the process of rising, such as palm up to prevent helmet impact without entering water rope, observe the surrounding environment to prevent twisting and slowly rise following the minimum bubble spit out by diver, it is strictly prohibited to rise by playing flippers rapidly except in exceptional circumstances.
— 水面人员在接到潜水员离底的报告后, 电话员控制供气量；软管应适当收紧，同时注意观察其出水的长度；潜水员出水至水面时要注意避免与船底或其它物体碰撞。After receiving the report about divers out above the surface, the telephone operator control gas supply; hose properly tightened, and observe its length of effluent; divers should avoid the bottom or other object collision to the surface.
— 潜水员减压时必须严格遵守方案的规定，工作出水时半空减压约5分钟，不得随意增减减压时间。Diver must strictly abide the rule of decompression on the program, reducing pressure about 5 minutes during working above surface, not free to increase or decrease the decompression time.
— 潜水员出水后的卸装，按着装的反顺序进行。Divers remove the outfit after out of water, according to the order dressing reversely.