一、不定式to do
1. 形式：
肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth.
被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done
2. 成分
（1）主语不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。注：常用it 做形式主语，将to do
放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。
句型1：It + 谓语 + to do
句型2：It ’s + n. + to do
句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth. Eg.It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.
（2）作宾语
1). 接不定式做宾语
eg.I don’t expect to meet you here.
常见动词有：want, decide, hope, agree, choose, wish, need ,promise
like, demand, expect, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem,
intend, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start, afford, hate等
2）. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词
常见的动词有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain ，
know, show, discover, see(understand)
Eg.He taught us how to use the tool.
No one could tell me where to get the book.
（3）作表语
1）、主语 + be + to do sth
主语多为 duty / wish / hope / idea / plan / ambition/ dream / work / job 等 名词
（4）作宾语补足语
(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)
eg.Mother told me to come back before 10 o ’clock.
常见加to do 的动词：advise allow ask beg cause expect encourage force get hate invite
order wish want warn remind promise permit persuade request„ +sb. to do
加不带to 的不定式的动词：see watch look at hear listen to feel notice
sb. be + seen watched looked at heard listened to felt noticed + to do
注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to ” 如： He is often heard to sing the song.
(5) it 作形式宾语
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之
后，而用it 作形式宾语。
Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider„ / It +adj/n + to do sth. I find/feel to work with him interesting． I find/feel it interesting to work with him．
(6)作定语
1) 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系
Eg. Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today?
2) 不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 Eg. I have no chance to gothere.
3）被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 Eg. She is the last to leave the room.
4) 不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in.
(7)不定式作状语
1) 不定式作目的状语 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practised hard to win the match.
为强调作作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语. 前者可放
在句首, 也可放在句中; 后者只能放在句中
2). 不定式作结果状语
作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:too „to, enough to，only to，never to，
so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。
Ｉlifted a stone , only to fall down my feet.
I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.
(强调意外结果)
He is brave enough to go out alone at night
It is too heavy to carry.
3). 不定式作原因状语
常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后, 说明产生这种情绪的原因
I am happy to see you.
She was sad to hear the bad news.
I ’m anxious /eager to know the result.
常用的形容词有
able, content ,willing, free, happy, glad, lucky, sorry , angry, sad, rude, foolish,
clever „
(一) 不定式的省略现象
1) 不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear,
observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。
例 I watched him disappear in the distance.
但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有to
They were made to work day and night.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
2) 介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do , 不定式要省去
to 。
例 We did nothing but/except wait then.
反之, 则不能省略
I ’ve no choice but to stay here.
3) 不定式在系动词 后作表语时, 当主语部分有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to 可省略。
例: What I want to do now is find some books to read.
4) 有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时, 第二个不定式的 to 可以省略
I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time.
5) 当作宾语的不定式重复时, 只保留to
---Do you want to have a rest?
---Yes, I want to, but I can’t.
但当to 后面的动词是be 或have 时, 要保留不定式后的be 或have
---Are you a sailor ?
--- No, but I used to be (a sailor ).
--- Does she have much money?
--- No, but she used to have.
6) 在固定词组和句型中省略to
A. had better do/ had better not do
You ’d better not see him.
B. would rather do sth. than do sth.
They would rather try and fail than give up the plan
C. cannot but do sth.
cannot choose but do sth.
cannot help but do sth.
“不得不„. ”
As the last bus had gone, I could but walk there.
He cannot help but admit that he was wrong.
D. why not do sth? 表建议
why do sth? 表责备
Why not do it right now ?
E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth.
We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation.
（二）不定式的时态
不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式, 完成式, 进行式和完成进行式
1) 不定式的一般式( to do )
一般式 表示的动作(状态) 和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时) 发生, 或在其后发生
They decided to hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
Do you have anything to do this afternoon?
2) 不定式的进行式( to be doing )
表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生
He is said to be playing a part in the film.
They seem to be getting along quite well.
3) 不定式的完成式(to have done)
A. 表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。
The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years.
He seemed to have finished his work.
不定式的完成式常用在be said 、 be believed 、 be reported, be considered, be thought 、
be known、 be supposed、或seem 、appear 、hope, pretend等动词之后
B) 表原本打算做, 但未能实现的事
I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday.
They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. I would like to have gone to the party, but I was too busy. 常用于这一句型的动词还有
hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/
planned„+to have done sth.
（三） 不定式的语态
当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者, 这个不定式一般要用被动形式
You are to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
He asked to be sent to work there.
（四）不定式主动表被动
不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义
1. 在there be 句型中
There is no time to lose.
There is something to pay attention to .
2 .当不定式修饰want, have 等动词的宾语, 而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动
语态表示被动含义
We have no homework to do.
Mary has three children to look after.
3. 当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系, 但不定式前有形容词时, 不定式用主动语态表示被动
含义(常见的: easy, hard, difficult, fit, heavy, comfortable,„)
This job is hard to do.
He is not easy to convince.
他不容易被说服
4. 某些动词, 如to let, to blame （责备）用主动式表被动意义。
The house is to let. 这房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁?
（五）不定式的独立成分
独立主格
To tell the truth, to be frank, to make matter worse, to be sure, to be exactly to
be honest, to be brief„.
To be frank, you are lying.
To make matter worse, it began to turn dark.
To tell the truth, I don’t think the film is good.
二、现在分词V-ing
1. -ing的构成
-ing是由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。-ing 同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do 为例）：
主动形式 被动形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done -ing的否定形式是由not 加-ing 分词构成。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. His not coming made all of us angry.
2. -ing 的语法作用
-ing一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1) –ing （短语）作主语：
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.
Saying is easier than doing.
为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
2) -ing（短语）作表语：
His hobby is collecting stamps.
The problem is quite puzzling.
-ing 作表语的两种不同含义：
①-ing 作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses.他们的工作是盖房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
②-ing 作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。
3) -ing作宾语：
①–ing 作动词宾语。
I suggest doing it in a different way.
We enjoy attending Mr Ma's class.
②-ing 作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it 作形式宾语。如：
I think it no good living in such a cold place.
Do you consider it no use trying again?
高中阶段能接-ing 作宾语的常见动词：
mind （介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid （避免）, delay （推迟）, dislike （不喜欢，厌恶）, escape （逃脱）, finish （完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist （抵抗，抵制）, risk （冒险）, deny （拒绝，否认）, consider （考虑）等。
③-ing 作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：I'm against inviting him to dinner.
They don’t feel like walking that much.
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
look forward to, be proud of, be responsible for ,
insist on , think of ,dream of , object to, hear of, prevent„from, keep„from, stop„from,
be engaged in, depend on, thank„for,
excuse „for, aim at, devote„to, set about（着手做）, be/get used to, be fond of, be afraid of, be tired of, succeed in, be interested in, be ashamed of
注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? ？
另外，-ing 可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides 等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word.
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
4) -ing作定语：
①单个的作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：
reading room swimming pool singing competition
waiting room sleeping bag the exciting news
a boring speech a sleeping child
-ing 作定语的两种不同含义：
①–ing 作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆 flying suit 飞行服
writing table 写字台 listening practice
听力训练
②-ing 作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary
看起来很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching
一个动人的故事
working people= people who are working 劳动人民
②-ing 短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door?
They lived in a house facing south.
③–ing 还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself. When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
5) -ing做状语：
-ing作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①-ing 短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while 引出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
②-ing 短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
③–ing 短语作结果状语。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
④-ing 作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
⑤-ing 间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，
相当于一个状语从句。如：
Standing at the foot of a high mountain, a person will find himself very small. Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
注：-ing 作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个
句子的主语。
⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”
结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
6) -ing作宾语补足语：
①--ing 可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，
作宾语补语。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing 分词可看成是主语补语。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
Jily was never heard singing that song again.
5. -ing的复合结构：
-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
His coming made us very happy.
He was surprised by someone’s knocking at the door.
动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾
格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply. (动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming to see me.(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the match? (逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)
4) What made me angry was many students failing in the exam.(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)
注意：
1. –ing 作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：
1.在表示比较抽象的一般的多次行为时多用-ing 分词；在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。2. 动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it 作形式主语放在句首。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。
It ’s not good for you to smoke so much.
（指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
My job is to teach you English this term.
我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。
Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。
2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing 分词，含义有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret 等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing 分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？
Remember to lock the door when you leave.离开时要记得锁门。
②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式
作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？
I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这
班车就意味着再等一个小时。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
After a short rest, they went on working.
He stopped talking when the bell rang.
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 注意：有时人们把stop 后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。
③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing 分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。
④动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接
-ing 分词或不定式的被动式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully. ⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，
多用-ing 分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.
我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
⑥动词begin, start 后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing 分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：
a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. 老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。
b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. 一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。
c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。
3. 有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing 分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing 分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为) 。
4. 有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。 有哪些单词或短语？
go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing
can ’t help to do / doing
be used to do / doing
( get used to doing)
(used to do)
6. 不定式和-ing 作宾语补语的区别：
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing 分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing 分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.)有人在敲门你听见了吗？
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？
7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to 的短语，后接-ing 分词或名词。如：
admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to （期待）, take to （从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to （忠于、坚持）, point to （指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为„„熟悉）.
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing 短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from„（根据„„来判断）, considering „（考虑到„„）, talking of „（谈到„„，提到„„）, supposing „（假如„„）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.
从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
三、过去分词The Past Participle（-vd ）
1. 过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
2. v-ed表示动作已经完成或被动意义 eg: fallen leaves落叶(已落下的叶子) eg: I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了。
3. 否定式： not + v-ed eg: He escaped, not seen by anyone.
4. 过去分词所充当的成分：
一、作表语 (predicative)
1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，其用法相当于adj. ，放在系动词后面。 eg: The door remained locked till 7 o’clock. eg: I am pleased with the result of the experiment.
(许多v-ed 形式已经被当作adj. 使用, 如: excited, disappointed, moved, puzzled,lost 等)
2. v-ed 作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。 注意区别：
系表结构中的v-ed 表示：主语所处的状态
被动语态中的v-ed 表示：一个被动的动作
eg: The cup is broken.系表结构表状态
The cup was broken by Tom.被动语态表动作
3. 过去分词v-ed 和v-ing 作表语的区别：
过去分词v-ed: 表主语(人) 所处的心理状态，个人的感受. “(人) 感到... ”
现在分词v-ing: 表主语(物或人) 所具有的特征. “(物或人) 令人... ”
eg: surprised/ surprising;
encouraged/ encouraging; moved/ moving...
注意：如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those 等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后。
eg: There was nobody invited here.
I want to find somebody interested in the case.
2. v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换:
(1) 若是vt. 的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成v. 用被动形式的定语从句。
eg: The letter posted today will reach you in a week.
=The letter which was posted today will...
(2) 若是vi. 的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成v. 用完成时态的定语从句。
eg: a retired teacher = a teacher who has retired
eg: the fallen leaves = the leaves which have fallen
注意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句。
我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.
而常说：The girl who has won the race is my friend.
注意比较：
3. v-ed 形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：
（1）doing 作定语------主动，动作正在进行
（2）being done作定语------ 被动，动作正在进行
（3）done 作定语------ 被动，动作已完成
（4）to do作定语------将来要发生的动作
（5）having done--- 不能作定语，用定语从句代替
eg: a broken cup ; some singing birds
分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表
示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question discussed at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance. ②The question being discussed at the meeting now is of quite importance. ③The question to be discussedat the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.
注：ing 分词作定语有时意义不同：
flying fish 飞鱼
a running dog 走狗
a falling tide 落潮
a crying boy 哭着的孩子
a running machine
a swimming pool
a waiting room
a walking stick
a fishing pole
a reading room
能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。
分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
EG.He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. √
As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. √
Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. ×
现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world .
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left .
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果
现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别
表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人„„的”都是
-ing 形式，凡
是表示“感到 „„”都用-ed 形式。换句话说，若人对„„感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。
Eg;
delighting 令人高兴的——delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的——disappointed 感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的——encouraged 感到鼓舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的——pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的——puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的——satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的——surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的——worried 感到担心的
三、作宾补 (Object Complement)
v-ed 作宾补，表示被动意义或已完成意义，或两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系。
v-ed 作宾补的几大类型的v. :
1. 在make, get, have, keep, leave等使役动词后面作宾补：
eg: Please keep us informed of the latest news.
请随时把最新消息告诉我们。
eg: When you speak, you have to make yourself understood.
说话时要让人听得懂。
注意：在have + n./ pron. + 过去分词，即have sth. done这一结构中，have 通常有三种意义。
(1) 表示“让某人做某事”，v-ed 动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语。
eg: I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays, but I don ’t wash my clothes myself. eg: I have had my bike repaired.
(2) 表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击”，
v-ed 动作的执行者不是句子的主语，而是主语受到这种动作的影响。
eg: The museum had everything robbed of in the war.
eg: The old man had his leg broken in the accident.
(3) 表示通常意义的“有”
eg: We had a lot of books left in the classroom.
2. 在see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：
eg: I saw the thief caught by the policeman.
eg: We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops.
3. 在would like, want, like, wish, order, expect, request等表示“希望，想要、要求”的v. 后面作宾补：
eg: The boss wouldn’t like the problem discussed at the moment.
eg: We wished the problem settled at once.
4. 在介词with/ without + n./ pron. (宾语)+ v-ed（宾补）结构中。
eg: The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.
eg: They left without a plate untouched.他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过。
注意： with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed这一结构在整句话中是作状语的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况。
注意比较：
v-ed, v-ing和to do作宾补的不同：
v. + 宾 + v-ed:表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系。
v. + 宾 + v-ing:表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系。
v. + 宾 + (to) do:表动作将要发生或表动作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关系。
四、作状语 (Adverbial)
v-ed 作状语，它与主句的主语构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。
v-ed 作状语的几大类型:
(1) 作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的原因状语从句.
eg: Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. = As we were deeply moved by the film, we all cried.
(2) 作时间状语，相当于when, while, before, after引导的时间状语从句.
Asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.=
When he was asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.
(3) 作条件状语，相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句.
eg: Given more time, we would do the work better.= If we were given more time, we would do the work better
(4) 作方式或伴随状语，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。
eg: The actress came in, followed by her fans.= The actress came in, and was followed by her fans.
(5) 作让步状语，有时可以与although, though, even if, even though等连用
eg: Much tired, my parents still kept on working.= Although they were much tired, my parents still kept on working.
eg: Though beaten by them, we were not discouraged.= Though we were beaten by them, we were not discouraged.
注意： 过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态, 或是固定搭配。
比较： v-ed, v-ing, to do作状语的用法
(1) v-ed作状语表示:被动的或已完成的动作
(2) v-ing作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作，即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓v. 的动作同时发生
(3) to do作状语表示:
主动的动作，常作“目的，原因，结果”状语
专题七 │ 反面解读
1． 【误】 We don't allow to smoke in the lecture hall.
【正】 We don't allow smoking in the lecture hall.
【正】 We don't allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.
【解析】 考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth.
2． 【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea.
【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea.
【解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时， 此定语通常由不定式来充当。
3．【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.
【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.
【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tomorrow's meeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。
4． 【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning.
【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning.
【解析】 see，watch 等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to 。
5． I've been looking forward to hear from you.
【答案】 hear 改为hearing 。
【解析】 短语look forward to中，to 为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。
6． He admitted to have stolen the car.
【答案】 to have改为having 。
【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的ing 形式作宾语。
7． This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
【答案】 This改为 It。
【解析】 作形式主语，代替动词的ing 形式，只能用it 。
8． The flowers need being watered.
【答案】 being watered改为watering 或者to be watered。
【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“„„需要被„„”。
9． 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。
(1) 【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated.
【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated.
(2) 【误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today.
【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today.
10．作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。
(1) 【误】
Having found the cause, the experiment continued.
【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having found＝After/When they had found)
(2) 【误】 Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.
【正】 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful. (Seen＝When the city is seen)
11．非谓语的否定式中，not 必须放在非谓语的最前面。
(1) 【误】 Having not finished his homework, he didn't want to go to bed.
【正】 Not having finished his homework, he didn't want to go to bed.
(2) 【误】 Mother warns us to not play in the street.
【正】 Mother warns us not to play in the street.