简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句
当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。简单句大体上可以分为下面五种类型：
1．主语＋谓语
The plane has landed.
He sat down beside me.
2．主语＋系动词＋表语
表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。
The medicine tastes horrible.
3．主语＋谓语＋宾语
Who can answer this question?
Lots of people are applying for the job.
4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
My uncle gave me a ticket.
I showed my passport to one of the immigration officers.
从以上例句可见，短的间接宾语(如me，them，Jane)都放在前面，较长的都放到后面。至于加to还是for要根据动词决定。
5．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语
宾语和补语一起构成复合宾语。补语的作用就是为宾语补充一些重要的信息资料。 They appointed him managing director.
在以上五类句子中，有些句子，如祈使句，主语一般省略掉。
Show me your passport.
二、并列句
并列句的两部分可用分号(；)连接。
It was getting late；she had to hurry to the station.
但更多的并列句都包含一个并列连词，把两部分连接起来，这两部分可称为分句，也可称为并列分句。英语中的并列连词有：and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor，not only...but(also)，either...or，neither...nor等，由它们连接并列分句。
He shook his head，for he thought differently.
三、复合句
包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词或关系代词引导。从句分为定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t achieve much.
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
1．I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.
A．who B．that C．as D．what
2．Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was ______it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A．what B．that C．why D．whether
3．—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That’s ________I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.
A．where B．how C．when D．what
4．In China，the number of cities is increasing ___development is recognized across the world.
A．where B．which C．whose D．that
5．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of ________left their village homes for a better life in the city.
A．whom B．which C．them D．those
1．________ scientists know where a storm will happen，winds will suddenly change，
carrying the storm to a new direction.
A．Even if B. Since C．Despite D．Unless
2．Is ________ 48 hours ________ the man-made satellite ________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?
A．it；that；where B．it；when；that
C．it for；that it takes；that D．it；that it takes；which
3．In a sports team each player has a clear role，and there are few occasions ________ members are confused or uncertain of their roles.
A．which B．that C．when D．how
4．Can you give me a case ________ this phrase can be used?
A．when B．that C．where D．which
5．It is a good idea to ask for a map at the information center，________ may prove to be very useful before you start your tour of the museum.
A．where B．which C．who D．that
6．The engineers made two big plans for the dam，______ was never put in force.
A．one of them B．which
C．one of which D．every one of which
7．—Which can I take，Mr.Smith?
—Take ________ one you like and leave the others for ________ comes late.
A．whoever；who B．whichever；who
C．whatever；whom D．whichever；whoever
8．It is reported that the medical team has already reached ________ is regarded as the most dangerous area.
A．where B．which C．what D．as
9．Please do me a favor—________ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7∶30 tonight.
A．to invite B．inviting C．invite D．invited
10．—What do you think of teaching，Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting.
A．where B．which C．when D．that
定语从句
一、关系代词的用法
1．that和which的用法
(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：
①当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。
You should hand in all that you have.
②当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。
This is the only thing that has been tried.
③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
④当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。
This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.
⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Which is the bike that you lost?
⑦有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。
They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution. ⑧当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：
①在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.
②当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。
This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.
2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whom。
They may start as a group of high-school students，for whom practising their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.
He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.
3．as和which的区别
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。
The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。
As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。
①当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。
He came here very late，which was unexpected(not expected)．
②当非限制性定语从句的谓语后跟一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。 Betty always tells a lie，which her parents feel strange.
二、关系副词的用法
1．当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when＝on which)
Can you tell me the office where he works？(where＝in which)
2．介词＋关系代词(which)＝where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kites spread to Japan and Korea.
3．高考对关系副词where的考查。
高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。
The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.
1．Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet________life has
developed gradually.(2010·福建，24)
A．that B．where C．which D．whose
2．The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister________she would stay for an hour.(2010·江西，31)
A．where B．who C．which D．what
3．That’s the new machine________parts are too small to be seen.(2010·山东，24)
A．that B．which C．whose D．what
4.—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
—You should try the barber’s________I go.It’s only 15.(2010·天津，8)
A．as B．which C．where D．that
5．The old temple________roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.(2010·陕西，11)
A．where B．which C．its D．whose
6. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon______ school education depends. （2015安徽28）
A. it B. that C. whose D. which
7. He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of____ were published in the 1990s. （2015重庆14）A. whom B. which C. them D. That
8. Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, _____you can hear some lovely music. （2015北京24）
A. which B. that C. when D. where
9. It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.. （2015湖南29）
A. as B. where C. that D. which
10. The number of smokers, ________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. （2015江苏21）
A. it B. which C. what D. as
11. Creating an atmosphere________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015浙江19） A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which
12. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy their work. （2015天津15）
A. where B. which C. when D. who
13. The books on the desk, ______ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. （2015四川3）
A. which B. what C. whose D. that
14. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ______ he should be able to be independent. （2015陕西15）
A. which B. where C. whom D. when
15. China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_______ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. （2015福建34）
A. who B. whom C. that
D. which
1．It is morning ________ we have four classes，not afternoon.
A．when B．which C．that D．why
2．Thousands of Haitians cheered as the Chinese medical team arrived，many of ________ even cried with joy.
A．those B．them C．whom D．who
3．The appearance of a super skyscraper in the desert is far beyond our imagination，________ throws great doubt on the height of the tall building.
A．that B．one C．which D．it
4．He saw her coming，and advised me to hide behind the door，________ advice I took at once. A．whose B．what C．that D．which
5．With the reform of educational system，the teachers ________ school I worked before have greatly changed their way of teaching.
A．in whose B．whose C．in which D．which
6．She’s in a hopeless situation，________ we will keep a very close eye on.
A．where B．when C．which D．that
7．Ms.Claire is a strict but kind teacher，________ I respect and appreciate most.
A．that B．what C．one D．which
8．The good situation came at last ________ we had been expecting in the past two years.
A．where B．that C．when D．in which
9．On the top of the mountain stands an old temple，inside ________ is an old tower.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
10．The National Education Department says school safety has set off alarm bells with
frequent serious accidents ________ students got injured or even killed.
A．that B．in which C．by which D．when